A Complete Guide for Authors and Self-Publishers^[1]

The journey from manuscript to printed book is both an art and a science. Whether you’re a first-time author navigating self-publishing, an established writer taking control of your work, or a publishing professional seeking a comprehensive reference, understanding the printing process is essential to producing a book you can be proud of.

This guide demystifies every aspect of book printing, from the initial decisions about format and size through to the moment your finished books arrive from the printer. In an industry where a single oversight can result in costly reprints or disappointing quality, knowledge truly is power.

Why This Guide Matters

The democratisation of publishing means that more books are being printed than ever before. Yet for many authors, the technical aspects of printing remain a black box – mysterious processes handled by others, often with mixed results. This lack of understanding can lead to:

• Books that look amateurish despite professional content
• Unexpected costs that destroy profit margins
• Production delays that miss crucial launch dates
• Quality issues that disappoint readers and damage reputations

By contrast, authors who understand printing can make informed decisions that enhance their book’s appeal, control costs, and ensure professional results that compete with traditionally published titles.

What You’ll Learn

This guide takes you through the entire printing process in logical sequence. You’ll discover:

• Format fundamentals: The pros and cons of different binding methods, and how to choose the right size for your market and genre.
• Design essentials: How covers sell books, why typography matters, and the technical requirements that ensure your files print correctly.
• Paper and printing options: The choices that affect both quality and cost, from paper weight to printing methods.
• Legal and practical requirements: ISBNs, copyright pages, barcodes, and distribution considerations.
• Cost control: Understanding quotes, avoiding hidden charges, and making smart decisions about print runs.
• Quality assurance: The proofing process, what to check, and how to ensure your book meets professional standards.

How to Use This Guide

While designed to be read in sequence, each section can also be read independently as a standalone reference. If you’re facing a specific decision, choosing between matt and gloss lamination, for instance, you can jump directly to the relevant section. The comprehensive glossary at the end clarifies industry terminology that can often be confusing to newcomers.

Throughout, you’ll find practical tips drawn from decades of printing experience. These insights help you avoid common pitfalls and make choices that balance quality, cost, and your specific goals as an author or publisher.

The Digital Revolution and You

Modern printing technology has transformed what’s possible for independent authors. Print-on-demand eliminates the need for warehouse storage, while digital printing makes short runs economically viable. Yet offset printing still offers advantages for larger quantities. Understanding these options and when to use each can save thousands of pounds while ensuring your book reaches readers in the best possible form.

A Note on Standards

This guide covers both UK and international standards, recognising that books cross borders more easily than ever. While focusing primarily on UK specifications and suppliers, we’ve included US standards and international considerations where relevant. Remember that printing is both a local and global business, and whilst your printer might be around the corner, your readers could be anywhere in the world.

Your Journey Starts Here

Creating a physical book remains one of the most satisfying moments in publishing. The weight of it in your hands, the smell of fresh paper, the visual impact of your cover, these tangible elements connect authors to centuries of publishing tradition while embracing modern possibilities.

Armed with the knowledge in this guide, you’re ready to make informed decisions at every stage of the printing process. Your words deserve the best possible presentation. This guide ensures they get it.

Remember: every bestseller, every literary classic, every book that changed someone’s life started with the same printing decisions you’re about to make. The difference lies in making those decisions with confidence and knowledge. Let’s begin.

1. Book Formats and Binding

Paperback (Softcover)

• Perfect Binding: Most common, glued spine, economical
• Advantages: Lower cost, lighter, flexible
• Disadvantages: Less durable, the spine can crack with heavy use
• Typical Uses: Fiction, trade paperbacks, general non-fiction

Hardback (Hardcover)

• Case Binding: Sewn signatures, cloth or paper over boards
• Dust Jacket: Often included as a marketing and protective tool
• Advantages: Durable, premium feel, lies flat
• Disadvantages: Higher cost, heavier
• Typical Uses: First editions, reference books, gift books

Other Binding Options

• Saddle Stitch: Stapled spine, for 8–64 pages
• Spiral/Wire-O: Lies flat, ideal for workbooks/manuals
• Board Books: Thick cardboard pages for young children

2. Standard Book Sizes

UK Market

• A-format: 110mm × 178mm
• B-format: 129mm × 198mm
• C-format: 135mm × 216mm
• Demy: 138mm × 216mm
• Royal: 156mm × 234mm

US Market

• Mass Market: 4.25″ × 6.87″
• Trade Paperback: 6″ × 9″
• Digest: 5.5″ × 8.5″
• US Letter: 8.5″ × 11″

International / Academic

• A5: 148mm × 210mm
• A4: 210mm × 297mm

3. Cover Design

Who Designs the Cover?

• Traditional publishing: In-house or contracted
• Self-publishing: Freelance designers or DIY
• Cost Range: £200–£2,000+

Elements

• Front: Title, author name, imagery
• Spine: Title, author, publisher (if 100+ pages)
• Back: Blurb, barcode, ISBN, price, endorsements
• Flaps: Optional for hardbacks, include bio or extended blurb

Technical Specs

• 300 DPI resolution
• CMYK colour mode
• 3mm bleed (0.125″)
• PDF/X-1a or PDF/X-4 format

4. Interior Design and Typography

Fonts

• Serif (for body): Garamond, Caslon, Minion Pro, Sabon, Baskerville
• Sans-serif: For headings or non-fiction (e.g. Helvetica, Myriad Pro)

Font Size

• General: 10–12 pt
• Large Print: 16–18 pt
• Children’s Books: 14–18 pt

Line Spacing (Leading)

• 120–145% of font size

Margins

• Outside: 13–19mm
• Inside (gutter): 19–22mm
• Top: 13–19mm
• Bottom: 19–25mm

5. Paper Selection

Weight

• Novels: 75–90 gsm
• Premium Books: 105 gsm
• Children’s Books: 120–150 gsm
• Art Books: 150–225 gsm

Type

• Cream: Traditional, fiction
• White: Crisp, for non-fiction
• Coated: For full-colour printing
• Uncoated: Text-heavy books

Opacity

• Aim for 80–90%+ to prevent show-through

6. Colour vs Black & White

Black & White

• Cheaper
• Best for text-heavy books and line art

Colour

• 3–5x more costly
• Best for children’s books, cookbooks, image heavy content
• Requires high-quality paper and colour control

7. Page Count Considerations

• Minimum Pages:
  • Perfect bound: 24–48
  • Hardcover: 48
  • Saddle stitch: 8
• Spine Width:
  • Based on page count × paper thickness
  • ~100 pages minimum for spine text

8. Pre-Press Preparation

File Setup

• Exact trim size
• Bleed included
• 300 DPI (600–1200 DPI for line art)
• Fonts embedded or outlined
• CMYK mode

Proofing Stages

1. Digital Proof (PDF)
2. Printed Proof
3. Blues/Ozalids (colour check)
4. Press Check

9. Printing Methods

Print on Demand (POD)

• Digital printing
• No inventory or minimums
• Higher unit cost
• Amazon KDP, IngramSpark

Offset Printing

• Plates and press
• Better unit cost for 500+ copies
• Highest quality

Short-Run Digital

• Best for 25–500 copies
• Fast turnaround
• Some colour variation

10. ISBN and Legal Requirements

ISBN

• Required for retail sales
• Different ISBNs for each format
• Purchase from Nielsen (UK), Bowker (US)

Copyright Page

• © Year Author
• All rights reserved
• ISBN
• Edition info
• Publisher details
• Legal disclaimers
• Design/editorial credits
• Cataloguing data

Barcode

• EAN-13 with price
• Back cover placement

11. Cost Considerations

Typical Costs

• Setup: £50–£500
• Proofs: £20–£100
• Per unit (350pp, 1000 copies):
  • Paperback: £2–4
  • Hardback: £5–10

Hidden Costs

• File prep
• Shipping
• Returns and damages
• Marketing materials
• Storage

12. Timeline

• Cover Design: 1–4 weeks
• Interior Formatting: 1–2 weeks
• Proofing: 1–2 weeks
• Printing:
  • POD: 3–5 days
  • Digital: 5–10 days
  • Offset: 2–4 weeks
• Shipping: 1–4 weeks

13. Choosing Your Printer

Ask About

1. Set-up and file fees
2. Minimum order
3. Paper types
4. Distribution options
5. Accepted formats
6. Damage/return policy
7. Fulfilment and storage

Red Flags

• No samples
• Poor communication
• Suspiciously low prices
• Hidden costs

14. Special Considerations

Environmental Printing

• FSC paper
• Soy inks
• Recycled paper
• Local sourcing to reduce emissions

Special Finishes

• Foil stamping
• Embossing/debossing
• Spot UV
• Matte/gloss lamination
• French flaps

Accessibility

• Large print editions
• Dyslexia-friendly fonts
• High-contrast design
• Appropriate paper tone

15. Distribution and Sales Channels

Distribution Options

• POD (Amazon KDP, IngramSpark)
• Trade distribution (Gardners, Nielsen, wholesalers)
• Direct sales (website, book fairs, events)

Sales Channels

• Online retailers
• Bookstores (needs returns/trade discount)
• Libraries

16. Metadata and Book Registration

Essential Metadata

• Title, author, subtitle
• Keywords and BISAC/BIC codes
• Series name
• Book description
• ISBN and edition
• Author bio

Where to Register

• UK: Nielsen BookData
• US: Bowker’s BooksInPrint

17. Legal Deposit Requirements

UK Requirement

• One copy to the British Library within one month
• Others (on request): Bodleian, Cambridge, Trinity Dublin, National Libraries

Other Countries

• US: Library of Congress (voluntary for self-publishers)
• Canada, Australia, NZ: Mandatory legal deposit schemes

18. Ebooks and Multi-Format Strategy

Formats

• EPUB: Most universal
• MOBI: For older Kindle models
• PDF: Print replica (not reflowable)

Conversion Tools

• Vellum, Reedsy, Scrivener, Calibre

Distribution

• Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP)
• Draft2Digital, Smashwords, StreetLib

19. Marketing and Promotion Essentials

Before Release

• Build an email list
• Secure reviews (ARC copies)
• Schedule a launch date

After Release

• Announce on social media
• Engage with niche communities
• Use paid ads strategically
• Arrange author events or talks

Final Tips

1. Always request paper and print samples
2. Budget 10–20% more for unforeseen costs
3. Keep your files organised and backed up
4. Maintain written records of agreements
5. Start with small print runs to test demand
6. Build a long-term relationship with your printer
7. Consider POD for launch, offset for reprints

List of Terms

A

• A Sheet – The reference is sometimes used for a carbonless top sheet (i.e., the first part of a carbonless multipart form, CB coated).
• A Sizes – The most common paper size used for general printing, stationery and publications.
• Absolute White – In theory, a material that perfectly reflects all light energy at every visible wavelength. In practice, a solid white with known spectral data is used as the ‘reference white’ for all measurements of absolute reflectance.
• Against the Grain – At right angles to the grain direction of the paper.
• Airbrush – a pen-shaped ink sprayer used to retouch photographic prints and create illustrations.
• Alley – The space between columns of type on a page.
• Aqueous Coating – A water-based protective coating applied to printed materials to enhance durability and appearance.
• Art Paper – Paper that has been specially coated to achieve a smooth, glossy finish. Its meaning is often confused, but it is more easily termed as a gloss-coated paper.
• Artwork – The finished layout of typesetting, drawings, and photographs, made up in a form ready for the printer to print from.
• Artwork on Disk – Complete, requiring no edits, ready to output to final film or direct to plate, and provided in recognised commercial software such as Illustrator, Freehand, CorelDraw, Adobe PageMaker, Adobe InDesign, Quark Express, or Photoshop.
• Author’s Corrections – Corrections made by the author on page proofs that alter the original copy. The costs of making such alterations are charged by the printer, in contrast to the printer’s errors or house corrections.

B

• B sizes – Less common paper sizes that are used mainly for bigger jobs, e.g., Posters, wall charts, etc.
• Banks and Bonds – A range of printing and writing papers, the better qualities of which were made largely from rags at one time. The heavier substance papers, with a weight of approximately 60 g/m², are often used for correspondence and letterheads and are known as bond paper. In contrast, the lighter weights, known as banks, were primarily used for file copy papers but are in less use today with the introduction of the automated office.
• Bleed – Printing where the colour continues right up to the edge of the paper to ensure no white borders after cutting.
• Board – Although there is no internationally agreed-upon rule, paper exceeding 170g/m is typically referred to as board.
• Bristol Board – A heavy paperboard often used for applications that require durability, such as folders, postcards, and covers.
• Bristol Paper – A heavyweight paper used for drawing, illustration, and other artistic applications.
• Bromide – A high-quality black and white proof.
• Burst Perfect Bind – To bind by forcing glue into notches in the spines of signatures and then adhering to a paper cover.

C

• C sizes – Paper sizes used for envelopes, designed to take A-size paper.
• Camera-Ready – Finished artwork that is ready, without further preparation, to be photographed.
• CMYK – Letters which stand for Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black (K, being the last letter in BLACK, is used for black to eliminate confusion with blue). Full-colour printed images are made up of these component colours.
• Coated Paper – A term used to describe plain paper which has received a special coating to give an enhanced surface for detail and colour reproduction.
• Coater – Part of a printing press that applies coatings to printed literature.
• Coating – A special water-based coating that is applied to printed matter to protect literature from ink smudging or finger marking or to enhance appearance. The main types are sealer, gloss, matt and silk. Coatings are commonly used on matt or silk-coated paper as these types are more prone to smudging than gloss-coated paper. The primary difference between a varnish and a coating is that coatings dry faster, allowing jobs to be completed more quickly. They tend to be more scuff-resistant than varnishes. There is also less risk of yellowing paper. However, oil-based varnishes are better if specific areas of a document need to be coated (spot varnish).
• Colour markup – Specifications on a piece of artwork to a printer, showing the required colours for the item to be printed.
• Contact Frame – Equipment that converts film to printing plates.
• Cromalin – A photographic colour proof that allows you to check colour and content before plates are made.
• Crop Marks – Lines printed at the corners of a document to indicate where it should be trimmed after printing.
• CtP (Computer-to-Plate) – A technology that directly transfers digital images from a computer to printing plates, eliminating the need for film.

D

• Desktop Publishing (DTP) – Creating artwork and print from your computer. Requires special software and a powerful PC or Apple Mac.
• Die-Cut – The process of cutting paper into custom shapes using a specialised cutting tool called a die. Used to shape cut-out leaflets or brochures.
• Digital Offset Press – A hybrid printing technology that combines digital printing and offset printing methods.
• Digital Press (or Digital Printing) – Printing in which an image is applied to paper or another substrate directly from a digital file rather than using film and/or plates.
• Digital Printing Press – Printing equipment that directly transfers digital files onto paper or other substrates without the need for plates.
• DL Envelope – A standard envelope size measuring 110mm x 220mm. They take A4 sheets folded into three.
• DPI (Dots Per Inch) – A measurement of the resolution of printed or digital images.
• Dummy – A sample of a proposed job made up of the actual materials and cut to size to show bulk, etc.

E

• Embossing – The process of raising letters or designs on card or tough paper already printed.
• Emulsion – A light-sensitive coating on photographic film or paper.

F

• Finishing – All operations after printing.
• Flexographic Printing – A rotary printing method that uses flexible plates and is often used for packaging materials.
• Flush Left/Right – Aligning text or elements to the left or right margin without indentation.
• Folio – Page numbers.
• Font – A set of letters, numbers and symbols that share a unified design. The design is called a typeface.
• Four Colour Process – Full colour printing using four constituent colours: Cyan, Yellow, Magenta, and Black.

G

• Gloss Coated Paper – See Art Paper.
• Gloss Coating – A coating applied to printed matter that is quick drying, protects literature from ink smudging and finger marking, and gives a gloss finish. Please refer to coating to see the difference between varnishes and coatings.
• Gloss Varnish – A varnish applied to printed matter to protect against smudging and finger marking and gives a gloss finish.
• Grain Direction – The direction in which the fibres in paper are aligned during manufacturing, affecting its flexibility and behaviour.
• Gravure Printing – A printing process that uses engraved cylinders to transfer ink onto the paper.
• GSM – Grams per square metre. Standard measure of paper weight.
• Gutter – Extra margin space on the inner edge for binding.

H

• Heidelberg – A renowned German manufacturer of offset printing presses and related equipment.
• Hickey – A small imperfection in printing caused by foreign particles on the printing plate.
• Image – The inked areas on a printing plate.

I

• Imagesetter – A high-speed image processor which is used to output film.
• Imposition – Arranging pages in a specific order for printing to be in the correct sequence when folded and bound.
• Imprint – A logo, text, or design printed on a promotional product.
• Inkjet Printing – A method of printing where droplets of ink are sprayed onto the paper to create images.
• International Paper Sizes – The standard range of metric paper sizes according to the definitions of the International Standards Organisation (ISO) and British Standards Institute (BSI).

L

• Laminating/Lamination – A thin plastic film used on the covers of printed literature to give protection and provide an improved appearance. This can be gloss or matt.
• Laser Proof – Low-quality proofs, which can be colour or black and white. They are used mainly for checking layout and text, but not colour. For enhanced laser proofs, it is advisable to use digital colour proofs, which give sharper text and images, but are again unsuitable for colour representation.
• Letterpress Printing – A traditional printing method that involves transferring ink from a raised surface, often used for speciality and artistic printing.
• Lithographic (Litho) Printing – see Offset Litho.
• LPI (Lines Per Inch) – A measurement of the resolution of halftone screens used in printing.

M

• Machine Fold – The process of mechanically folding printed paper.
• Machine Varnish – A general varnish applied to printed literature to protect or seal against smudging or finger marking.
• Matt Coated Paper – Plain paper that has received a special coating to give a smooth, matt finish.
• Matt Coating – A coating applied to printed matter that is quick drying and protects literature from ink smudging and finger marking, and gives a matt finish. Please refer to coating to see the key differences between varnishes and coatings.
• Matt Varnishes – A varnish applied to printed literature to protect against smudging and finger marking, and gives a matt finish. Please refer to the coating to see the key differences between varnishes and coatings.
• Metadata – Data that helps identify and categorise your book.

O

• Offset Litho(graphy) – A printing process by which the inked image to be printed is transferred (offset) to a rubber layer before coming into contact with the paper, which takes up the inked areas.
• Offset Printing Press – A printing press that uses metal plates to transfer ink onto a rubber blanket, which then applies the ink to the paper.
• Origination – All the necessary items needed to be assembled, and the job was printed. e.g., Artwork, photography, typesetting, etc.
• Overs – The extra printed products delivered to a customer beyond the net amount ordered.
• Ozalid Proof – A low-quality black and white proof used primarily for books to verify pagination.

P

• Pantone Reference – An international system of colour specification for printing, ensuring consistent and accurate colour reproduction.
• PDF: Portable Document Format – A file format (from Adobe) commonly used for sharing documents across different platforms while preserving their formatting.
• Perfect Binding – Pages of a book that are glued together to give a square spine. Typically used for books and magazines.
• Perfecting – A printing press which prints on both sides of a sheet of paper in one operation.
• PMS (Pantone Matching System) – A standardised colour matching system used for accurate colour reproduction.
• Printing Plate – A metal plate that has inked images involved in the offset lithography printing process. It is important to realise that each colour in a printing job requires a separate plate. To keep costs down, it is advisable not to have too many special colours.
• Process Colours – The colours which make up full-colour printing CMYK: cyan, magenta, yellow and black (called ‘Key’).
• Progressive Proof – A proof which shows the impression from each individual colour plate and how they progressively build up the full-colour piece.
• Proof – A printed sample of work to be checked for errors in text, positioning, or quality of colour reproduction. There are six types: laser, cromalin, bromide, ozalid, progressive and wet proofs.

R

• Register Marks – Marks on a printing plate that help align different colours or elements in a print job.
• Resolution – Refers to the degree of detail of an image. It is usually measured in dots per inch (dpi) or lines per inch (lpi). A high resolution gives a high-quality image and vice versa.
• RGB – Acronym for Red, Green, and Blue, the primary colours used in electronic displays. Unlike CMYK, RGB is used for screen-based colour representation.

S

• Saddle Stitch/Stitching – Used when the pages of a printed document, e.g., leaflets or brochures, are bound together using metal staples through the fold line.
• Satin Finish – A paper finish that is smoother than matte but less glossy than gloss.
• Scanner – The equipment that converts colour transparencies or colour artwork into digital images on a computer in preparation for film output.
• Scans – The name given to colour transparencies or colour artwork that have been converted to digital images on a computer.
• Screen Printing – A printing technique that uses a mesh screen to transfer ink onto a substrate, commonly used for textiles and promotional products.
• Sealer – This is an alternative name for a coater.
• Sealer Coating – A coating applied to printed matter that is quick drying and protects literature from ink smudging and finger marking, and gives a neutral finish. Please refer to coating to see the difference between varnishes and coatings.
• Sealer Varnish – A varnish applied to printed literature to protect against finger marking and smudging and gives a neutral finish. Please refer to coating to see the difference between varnishes and coatings.
• Serif/Sans Serif – Typeface classifications: serif fonts have small decorative strokes at the ends of characters, while sans-serif fonts lack these strokes.
• Set Off – During the printing process, this is the unintentional transfer of wet ink to another sheet.
• Sheet Fed Press – Printing presses which are fed by separate sheets of paper. They are suitable for all types of commercial printing, particularly high-quality work.
• Sheetfed Press – A printing press that feeds individual sheets of paper into the machine, suitable for smaller print runs and higher quality.
• Shrink Wrapping – Method of packing printed products, etc., by surrounding them with plastic, then shrinking by heat.
• Silk Coating – A coating applied to printed matter that is quick drying and protects literature from ink smudging and finger marking, and gives a silk finish. Please refer to coating to see the difference between varnishes and coatings.
• Silk Varnish – A varnish applied to printed literature to protect against finger marking and smudging, and gives a silk finish. Please refer to coating to see the difference between varnishes and coatings.
• Special Colour – A colour which cannot be made up of the four component colours – CMYK. They are listed in a Pantone colour swatch book. For example, if a corporate logo contains a special blue and is included in a brochure with photographs and text; this is termed a five-colour job. (CMYK (pictures+text) + special blue = 5 colours).
• Spot Colour – A specific premixed ink colour used in printing, often used for branding and consistent colour reproduction.

T

• Tint – Percentage shade of a colour.
• Trim Size – Final size of the book pages after cutting.
• Typesetting – The assembly of text and pictures on a PC by keyboard or other digital means.
• Typo – Short for ‘typographical error’ – a mistake in the copy.
• Typography – The art and arrangement of typefaces, fonts, and text on a page to convey information effectively.

U

• Uncoated Paper – Plain paper which is not coated.
• UV Printing – Printing using ultraviolet-cured inks, resulting in vibrant colours and quick drying.
• UV Varnish/Coating – A special varnish that has undergone an accelerated drying process using ultraviolet is applied to printed matter to enhance its appearance. A gloss UV Varnish is commonly used, giving a very shiny effect to printed materials and enhancing their appearance and durability.

V

• Varnishes – Special varnishes applied to printed matter to protect literature from ink smudging or finger marking or to enhance appearance. There are five main types – sealer, gloss, matt, silk and UV. Varnishes are commonly used on matt or silk-coated paper, as these types are more prone to smudging than gloss-coated paper. Varnish applied to a specific area of a document is known as spot varnish, and when it is applied to the whole document, it is termed as an overall varnish (or less commonly as a flood varnish).  The difference between a varnish and a coating is that varnishes take longer to dry, but are better when applied to a specific area of a document.
• Visual – A preliminary layout indicating the general design and the position of the various elements.

W

• Water-Based Ink – Inks composed of water and pigments, often used in environmentally friendly printing processes.
• Watermark – A recognisable image or pattern embedded into paper during manufacturing, visible when the paper is held up to the light.
• Web Fed Press – Presses that are fed by paper from a reel, as distinct from separate sheets. They are normally used for low-quality, high-run work.
• Web Press – A high-speed printing press that uses a continuous roll of paper, often used for high-volume printing like newspapers.
• Wet Proof – A wet proof is a proof that is created using screens, stencils, ink, and substrate to produce a limited run for the customer to review as an exact sample of the final print.
• Wide Format Printer – A print machine that produces large-format prints, often used for signage and displays.

NOTICE: This paper is compiled from the sources stated but has not been externally reviewed. Some content, including image generation and data synthesis, was assisted by artificial intelligence, but all findings were reviewed and verified by us (the author and publisher). Neither we (the publisher and author) nor any third parties provide any warranty or guarantee regarding the accuracy, timeliness, performance, completeness or suitability of the information and materials covered in this paper for any particular purpose. Such information and materials may contain inaccuracies or errors, and we expressly exclude liability for any such inaccuracies or errors to the fullest extent permitted by law. Your use of any information or materials on this website is entirely at your own risk, for which we shall not be liable. It shall be your own responsibility to ensure that any products, services or information available through this paper meet your specific requirements. You should neither take action nor exercise inaction without taking appropriate professional advice. The hyperlinks were current at the date of publication.

End Note

1. Source: The author acknowledges the use of various sources, scholarly works, and research materials, including ChatGPT, Claude and the Glossary of Print Terms at https://martinpollins.com, in the compilation of this text. ↑