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From Brick to Slick – the Journey to the Smart Phone

Introduction[1]


Picture Credit:Martin Cooper of Motorola made the first publicised handheld mobile phone call on a prototype DynaTAC model on April 3, 1973. This is a reenactment in 2007.
Attribution: Rico Shen, CC BY-SA 3.0 <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/&gt;, via Wikimedia Commons
Page URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2007Computex_e21Forum-MartinCooper.jpg
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.

The first mobile phones were commonly called “cellular phones” or simply “cell phones.” The term “cellular” was used because the mobile phone network was organised into multiple cells, with each cell having its own tower and coverage area. The early mobile phones were large and bulky compared to modern smartphones, often weighing several pounds and requiring a separate carrying case. They had limited functionality and were primarily used for voice calls.

The first commercially available mobile phone was the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X, introduced in 1983. It was often called a “brick” due to its large and bulky size. The device weighed around 2.2 pounds (1 kg) and had a size and shape that resembled a brick, hence the nickname. The DynaTAC 8000X was nowhere near as compact or slick as modern smartphones, making it cumbersome to carry around. However, it was a significant technological advancement then, allowing users to make mobile phone calls without being tied to a landline.

Today’s incarnation of cell phones is commonly called “mobile phones” or simply “mobiles.” The terms “mobile phone” and “cell phone” are often used interchangeably to describe the portable devices that allow wireless communication using cellular networks. Over time, advancement in technology has transformed mobile phones into powerful devices that offer a wide range of features beyond voice calls, including text messaging, internet access, multimedia capabilities, and various applications. Today’s mobile phones, also known as smartphones, are highly versatile and often include features such as high-resolution touchscreens, advanced cameras, GPS navigation, and access to a multitude of mobile applications.

Antennas
Early mobile phones had an external antenna. Typically, these were extendable or telescopic and improved the reception, thereby enhancing the phone’s ability to connect to cellular networks – especially in areas with weaker signal coverage.

The external antenna was a prominent feature of early mobile phones and was often positioned at the top of the device. It could be extended or adjusted to optimise signal reception and improve call quality. While the external antenna provided better signal strength, it also contributed to the larger and bulkier design of those early mobile phones.

As mobile phone technology advanced, internal antennas became more common, and the need for external antennas diminished. Modern smartphones generally have internal antennas built directly into the device and are not visible externally, contributing to the sleek and compact designs of present-day mobile phones.


Picture Credit: [Cropped] A DynaTAC 8000X; the first commercially available mobile phone from 1983.
Attribution: Redrum0486, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0&gt;, via Wikimedia Commons.
Page URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DynaTAC8000X.jpg
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.

The ‘Brick’
The Motorola DynaTAC 8000X was one of the earliest commercially available mobile phones and was often referred to as a ‘brick’ because of its large and bulky size. The acronym DynaTAC was an abbreviation of “Dynamic Adaptive Total Area Coverage“.

The device weighed around 2.2 pounds (1 kg) and had a size and shape that resembled a brick, hence the nickname. It was too large and too heavy to fit into your pocket. The DynaTAC 8000X was not as compact or sleek as modern smartphones, making it cumbersome to carry around. However, it was a significant technological advancement way back then, allowing users to make mobile phone calls without being tied to a landline.

The DynaTAC was a series of cellular telephones manufactured by Motorola from 1983 to 1994. A full charge took roughly ten hours, and talk time was 30 minutes.[2] It also offered an LED display for dialling or recalling one of 30 phone numbers. It was priced at $3,995 in 1984 (approximately £2,995 in the UK).[3] The equivalent price in 2021 money terms was around $11,253 (£5,774).

The First SmartPhone
The first smartphone was the IBM Simon Personal Communicator (simply known as IBM Simon). It was introduced in 1994 and combined a mobile phone and a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA). Designed by International Business Machines (IBM) and manufactured by Mitsubishi Electric[4], it featured a touchscreen interface, email capabilities, a calendar, an address book, and even rudimentary web browsing. While the term “smartphone” was not commonly used until 1995, the IBM Simon laid the foundation[5] for our modern smartphones.


Picture Credit: The IBM Simon Personal Communicator and charging base.
Attribution: Bcos47, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Page URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IBM_Simon_Personal_Communicator.png

It’s important to note that the concept of a smartphone has evolved, and different devices introduced features that contributed to the development of smartphones as we know them today.

The term ‘smartphone’ became more commonly used in the early 2000s with the introduction of devices like the BlackBerry and the Palm Treo, which offered more advanced features such as email synchronisation, web browsing, and third-party applications. However, the IBM Simon is often considered the first device to incorporate multiple advanced features into a single handheld device.

Evolution
There have been many innovations since the first mobile phone to the latest versions. You could say they’ve been getting better, more useful, all the time. The following covers most of the significant changes since 1983, listing various products with a summary of the features:

Motorola DynaTAC (1983):

  • Capabilities: Analogue cellular network support, voice calling.
  • Fax: No. Email: No. Texting: No.
  • Apps: No.
  • Colour Display: No.
  • Touch Screen: No.
  • Front/Rear Camera: No.

Nokia 9000 Communicator (1996):

  • Capabilities: GSM network support, voice calling, texting, email, web browsing, basic office productivity tools.
  • Fax: Yes. Email: Yes. Texting: Yes.
  • Apps: No.
  • Colour Display: No.
  • Touch Screen: No.
  • Front/Rear Camera: No.

Nokia 3210 (1999):

  • Capabilities: GSM network support, voice calling, texting, customisable covers, built-in games, and basic utilities.
  • Fax: No. Email: No. Texting: Yes.
  • Apps: No.
  • Colour Display: Yes (monochrome).
  • Touch Screen: No.
  • Front/Rear Camera: No.

Nokia 3310 (2000):

  • Capabilities: GSM network support, voice calling, texting, improved durability, longer battery life, Snake game.
  • Fax: No. Email: No. Texting: Yes.
  • Apps: No.
  • Colour Display: Yes (monochrome).
  • Touch Screen: No.
  • Front/Rear Camera: No.

BlackBerry 6210 (2003):

  • Capabilities: GSM network support, voice calling, texting, email, web browsing, QWERTY keyboard.
  • Fax: No. Email: Yes. Texting: Yes.
  • Apps: Limited.
  • Colour Display: Yes.
  • Touch Screen: No.
  • Front/Rear Camera: No.

iPhone (2007):

  • Capabilities: GSM/EDGE network support, voice calling, texting, web browsing, iPod functionality, visual voicemail, multi-touch interface, App Store.
  • Fax: No. Email: Yes. Texting: Yes.
  • Apps: Yes.
  • Colour Display: Yes.
  • Touch Screen: Yes.
  • Front/Rear Camera: Rear camera.

Samsung Galaxy S (2010):

  • Capabilities: 3G network support, voice calling, texting, web browsing, touchscreen display, high-resolution camera, app ecosystem.
  • Fax: No. Email: Yes. Texting: Yes.
  • Apps: Yes.
  • Colour Display: Yes.
  • Touch Screen: Yes.
  • Front/Rear Camera: Yes.

iPhone 4 (2010):

  • Capabilities: 3G network support, voice calling, texting, web browsing, Retina display, front and rear cameras, video recording, App Store.
  • Fax: No. Email: Yes. Texting: Yes.
  • Apps: Yes.
  • Colour Display: Yes.
  • Touch Screen: Yes.
  • Front/Rear Camera: Yes.

Samsung Galaxy S III (2012):

  • Capabilities: 4G network support, voice calling, texting, web browsing, larger high-resolution display, improved camera, and software features.
  • Fax: No. Email: Yes. Texting: Yes.
  • Apps: Yes.
  • Colour Display: Yes.
  • Touch Screen: Yes.
  • Front/Rear Camera: Yes

iPhone X (2017):

  • Capabilities: 4G/LTE network support, voice calling, texting, web browsing, Super Retina display, Face ID, augmented reality, advanced cameras, wireless charging, App Store.
  • Fax: No. Email: Yes. Texting: Yes.
  • Apps: Yes.
  • Colour Display: Yes.
  • Touch Screen: Yes.
  • Front/Rear Camera: Front and rear cameras.

iPhone 12 (2020):

  • Capabilities: 5G network support, voice calling, texting, web browsing, OLED Super Retina XDR display, A14 Bionic chip, improved camera system, MagSafe accessories.
  • Fax: No. Email: Yes. Texting: Yes.
  • Apps: Yes.
  • Colour Display: Yes.
  • Touch Screen: Yes.
  • Front/Rear Camera: Front and rear cameras.

The latest iPhone is the iPhone 14
In addition to the capabilities mentioned above, modern smartphones also include features like GPS navigation, high-speed internet access, social media integration, digital assistants (e.g., Siri, Google Assistant), biometric authentication (e.g., fingerprint scanner, face recognition), advanced sensors (e.g., accelerometer, gyroscope), mobile payment options, and various productivity apps for tasks such as note-taking, calendar management, and document editing.

NFC (Near Field Communication) Technology
NFC stands for Near Field Communication. It is a short-range wireless communication technology that allows devices to exchange data when they are close to each other, typically within a few centimetres.

With NFC, mobile phones can perform various tasks, such as:

  • Contactless Payments: The phone can be used for making payments by simply tapping it against NFC-enabled payment terminals. This feature allows users to transact using services like Apple Pay or other mobile payment apps.
  • File Transfer: NFC enables easy and quick sharing of files, such as photos, videos, and documents, between two NFC-enabled devices. By bringing two devices close together, users can initiate the transfer without the need for cables or complicated setup processes.
  • Bluetooth Pairing: NFC can simplify the process of pairing devices over Bluetooth. Instead of going through manual steps to discover and connect devices, NFC can facilitate the initial connection by simply tapping them together.
  • Tag Reading: NFC allows the phone to interact with NFC tags or stickers embedded in physical objects. These tags can contain information or trigger specific actions when read by an NFC-enabled device. For example, tapping the phone against an NFC tag on a poster may open a website or launch an app.

NFC technology has become increasingly common in cell/mobile/smartphones. Here are some notable smartphones that have featured NFC capabilities:

  • Samsung Galaxy S Series: Starting from the Samsung Galaxy S III (2012) and continuing through subsequent models like the Galaxy S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, S20, and the latest Galaxy S21 series, NFC has been a standard feature in Samsung’s flagship smartphones.
  • Apple iPhone: NFC functionality was introduced in the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus (2014) and has been present in all subsequent iPhone models, including the iPhone 6s, iPhone 7, iPhone 8, iPhone X, iPhone XR, iPhone XS, iPhone 11, iPhone 12, and the latest iPhone 13 and 14 series. However, Apple initially restricted NFC usage to Apple Pay and specific applications, with limited access to third-party developers.
  • Google Pixel Series: Starting from the original Google Pixel (2016) and continuing through the Pixel 2, Pixel 3, Pixel 4, and the later Pixel 6 series, NFC has been included as a standard feature in Google’s flagship smartphones.
  • OnePlus: NFC has been present in various models of OnePlus smartphones, including the OnePlus 6, OnePlus 7, OnePlus 8, OnePlus 9, and subsequent iterations.
  • LG G and V Series: LG has incorporated NFC capabilities in its flagship smartphones, such as the LG G6, G7, G8, G9, and the LG V30, V40, V50, and the LG Velvet series.
  • Sony Xperia Series: Sony Xperia smartphones, including models like the Xperia XZ1, Xperia XZ2, Xperia XZ3, Xperia 1, and the latest Xperia 1 III, have featured NFC technology.
  • Huawei and Honor: NFC has been included in various models of Huawei and Honor smartphones, such as the Huawei P and Mate series and Honor 8, Honor 9, Honor 10, Honor 20, and subsequent models.


Picture Credit: “Blond man texting on his phone” by Rawpixel Ltd is licensed under CC BY 2.0.

It’s important to say that this is not an exhaustive list, as many other smartphone manufacturers have also implemented NFC technology in their devices. Additionally, the availability of NFC may vary across different variants or regional versions of the same smartphone model.

The first smartphone to include NFC was the Nokia 6131, released in 2006. The Nokia 6131 was a flip phone featuring an NFC chip, allowing it to interact with other NFC-enabled devices and perform tasks such as contactless payments and data exchange.

While the Nokia 6131 was the first phone to introduce NFC, it’s worth noting that NFC technology itself was developed by a consortium of companies including Philips, Nokia, and Sony, with the first NFC specification released in 2004. However, it took a couple of years for the technology to be implemented in consumer devices, and the Nokia 6131 became the pioneer in bringing NFC to the mass market.

Batteries
Overview
Another crucial aspect of mobile phone capabilities is battery functionality. As mobile phones have evolved, so too has the emphasis on battery life and charging technology to support the increasing demands of modern smartphone usage.

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have become the standard for mobile devices due to their higher energy density and longer lifespan than older battery technologies.

Manufacturers have also focused on optimising power management and introducing power-saving features to prolong battery life. These include adaptive battery optimisation, which intelligently manages app usage and background activity to conserve power, and low-power modes that limit performance to extend battery longevity during extended use or low battery levels.

Furthermore, charging technology has advanced significantly. Rapid charging solutions, such as Qualcomm Quick Charge and USB Power Delivery (USB PD), enable faster charging times, allowing users to quickly recharge their devices and get back to using them. Wireless charging has also gained popularity, providing convenient charging options without needing physical cables plugged into your phone.

Despite these advancements, battery life remains a consideration for smartphone users. Modern smartphones’ increasing capabilities and power-hungry features can still constrain battery performance. Users often employ various strategies to manage battery life, such as adjusting screen brightness, disabling unused connectivity options, and using battery-saving modes when necessary.

Manufacturers continue to work on improving battery technology, exploring alternatives such as solid-state batteries and fast-charging advancements, with the aim of providing longer battery life and faster charging speeds for enhanced user experiences.

Battery life can vary significantly depending on factors such as usage patterns, network connectivity, screen brightness, and the specific smartphone model. Consumers are encouraged to review the technical specifications and user reviews of smartphones to assess the battery performance before making a purchase decision.

Battery functionality in mobile phones encompasses two key factors: charging times and battery life. These aspects, which play a crucial role in user experience and satisfaction, are explained below.

Battery Charging Times
Modern smartphones incorporate various charging technologies to reduce the time it takes to charge the battery. Rapid charging solutions, such as Qualcomm Quick Charge and USB Power Delivery (USB PD), have gained prominence. These technologies enable faster charging by delivering higher power to the device.

The actual charging time can vary depending on factors such as the charging method, battery capacity, and the specific smartphone model. Manufacturers often provide estimates of charging times based on their proprietary charging technologies. For example, some smartphones may offer “fast charging” or “quick charge” capabilities that allow the device to reach a significant charged percentage in a short duration, such as 50% charge in 30 minutes.

It’s important to note that charging times can also depend on the power source used for charging. Higher-wattage chargers and compatible charging cables can provide faster charging speeds. However, it’s essential to use charging accessories that are recommended and approved by the smartphone manufacturer to ensure safe and optimal charging.

Battery Usage Life
Battery life refers to the duration a fully charged battery can power the smartphone under normal usage conditions. The battery life of a smartphone is influenced by several factors, including the battery’s capacity, the efficiency of the device’s hardware and software, and the user’s specific usage patterns.

Manufacturers often provide estimates of battery life based on standardised testing methods. However, it’s important to note that real-world battery life can vary significantly depending on individual usage patterns, such as screen brightness, app usage, network connectivity, and multimedia consumption.

To help manage and optimise battery life, smartphone manufacturers often include power-saving features and modes. These modes restrict certain functionalities or reduce performance to conserve battery power. Additionally, users can take proactive steps to extend battery life, such as minimising background app activity, reducing screen brightness, and managing connectivity options like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.

As smartphone technology advances, manufacturers strive to improve battery life through advancements in battery capacity, power management algorithms, and energy-efficient hardware components. However, it’s important to set realistic expectations regarding battery life, considering the power-hungry features and increased usage demands of modern smartphones.

In summary, charging times and battery life are important considerations for users when evaluating mobile phone options. Manufacturers are working to enhance charging technologies and optimise battery performance to provide users with efficient charging times and longer battery life to support their daily usage needs.

Wireless Charging
Wireless charging (all right, strictly speaking, it’s not completely wireless), also known as inductive charging, enables users to charge their smartphones without needing physical cables or connectors. Instead, the device is placed on a wireless charging pad or stand, and the charging process begins through electromagnetic induction.

One of the most widely adopted wireless charging standards is Qi (pronounced “chee”), developed by the Wireless Power Consortium (WPC). Many smartphone manufacturers have incorporated Qi wireless charging into their devices. Here are some examples of smartphones that support wireless charging:

  • Apple iPhone: Starting from the iPhone 8, iPhone 8 Plus, and iPhone X (2017), Apple introduced support for wireless charging using the Qi standard. This feature is also available in subsequent iPhone models, including the iPhone XR, iPhone XS, iPhone 11, iPhone 12, and the latest iPhone 13 and 14 series.
  • Samsung Galaxy Series: Many Samsung Galaxy smartphones support wireless charging. Starting from the Galaxy S6, Galaxy S6 Edge, and Galaxy S6 Edge+ (2015), Samsung has included wireless charging capabilities in subsequent models like the Galaxy S7, Galaxy S8, Galaxy S9, Galaxy S10, Galaxy S20, and the latest Galaxy S21 series. Wireless charging is also available in Samsung’s Note series, including models like the Galaxy Note 5, Galaxy Note 8, Galaxy Note 9, Galaxy Note 10, and Galaxy Note 20.
  • Google Pixel Series: Google’s Pixel smartphones have also embraced wireless charging. Models such as the Pixel 3, Pixel 4, Pixel 5, and the latest Pixel 6 series support wireless charging using the Qi standard.
  • LG, Sony, and Huawei: Various smartphones from LG, Sony Xperia, and Huawei have also featured wireless charging capabilities in their respective flagship models.
  • Other Brands: Besides the brands I have mentioned, wireless charging has been incorporated into smartphones from other manufacturers, such as Motorola, Xiaomi, OnePlus, and Nokia, depending on the specific model.

It’s important to note that while wireless charging has become increasingly prevalent, not all smartphone models offer this feature. Compatibility with wireless charging depends on both the smartphone and the charging pad or stand being Qi-compatible.

The Choice: Android or iOS?


Picture Credit: “Man and woman using Windows Mobile devices at lunch” by gailjadehamilton is licensed under CC BY-ND 2.0.

Android and iOS (Apple’s operating system) are the two primary options for choosing a smartphone operating system. There are several differences between the two platforms, including the following:

  • Device Options: Android is an open-source operating system used by various manufacturers, resulting in a wide range of smartphone options from different brands. In contrast, iOS is exclusive to Apple devices, such as iPhones, iPads, and iPod Touch, limiting the hardware options to Apple’s own products.
  • User Interface: Android and iOS have distinct user interfaces. Android provides a more customisable experience, allowing users to personalise their home screens, use different widgets, and choose from various launchers. iOS has a consistent interface across devices, known for its simplicity, ease of use, and uniformity across Apple’s product lineup.
  • App Ecosystem: Both Android and iOS have robust app (Applications) stores offering a wide selection of applications. However, there are some differences. The Google Play Store (Android) generally offers a larger number of apps, including more options for customisation and third-party app stores. The Apple App Store (iOS) is known for its curated selection of apps, strict quality control and often receives exclusive app releases and updates.
  • Integration with Ecosystem: iOS is deeply integrated with Apple’s Ecosystem, which includes services like iCloud, iMessage, FaceTime, Apple Music, and seamless integration with other Apple devices such as Macs, iPads, and Apple Watches. Android, on the other hand, provides integration with various Google services, such as Gmail, Google Drive, Google Photos, and offers compatibility with a wide range of devices and platforms.
  • Customisation and Control: Android offers greater flexibility and customisation options than iOS. Users can personalise their Android devices with custom launchers, widgets, and system-level modifications (depending on the manufacturer and device). In contrast, iOS maintains a more controlled environment, providing a consistent experience across devices with limited customisation options.
  • Software Updates: iOS updates are generally available to all compatible devices simultaneously, providing a consistent user experience and regular security updates. Android updates, on the other hand, can be fragmented due to the variety of manufacturers and devices, resulting in delayed or inconsistent updates for some devices.

These are some of the key differences between Android and iOS. The choice between the two platforms ultimately depends on individual preferences, device compatibility, desired app ecosystem, and integration with existing technology ecosystems. It’s recommended to consider these factors and try out different devices or operating systems to determine which one aligns best with your needs and preferences.

Glossary of Terms

  • 3G (Third Generation): A mobile network technology that succeeded 2G (second generation) and introduced faster data transfer speeds, enabling features such as video calling, mobile internet access, and multimedia messaging.
  • 4G (Fourth Generation): The fourth generation of cellular network technology offering even faster data transfer speeds than 3G. It provides improved network capacity, lower latency, and enhanced multimedia capabilities, enabling high-definition video streaming, online gaming, and faster data downloads.
  • 5G (Fifth Generation): The latest generation of cellular network technology, offering significantly faster data speeds, ultra-low latency, and greater network capacity compared to 4G. 5G enables revolutionary advancements such as real-time high-definition video streaming, augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity, and seamless communication between devices.
  • Accelerometer: A sensor that detects the motion, orientation, and tilt of a smartphone. It enables features like automatic screen rotation, motion-based gaming, and fitness tracking.
  • AI Assistant: An intelligent virtual assistant powered by artificial intelligence algorithms that can perform tasks, answer questions, and provide information based on user interactions. Examples include Siri (Apple), Google Assistant (Google), and Alexa (Amazon).
  • AI Camera: A camera system incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to automatically optimise settings, scene recognition, and image enhancements based on the subject or environment.
  • AirDrop: A feature exclusive to Apple devices that allows users to wirelessly share files, photos, and other content with nearby Apple devices using a combination of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth technologies.
  • Airplane Mode: Airplane Mode is a feature available on smartphones and other electronic devices that allows you to turn off all wireless communications. When you activate Airplane Mode, it turns off the device’s cellular network, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth connections. This mode is typically used when you’re on an airplane or in situations where wireless transmissions are prohibited or could interfere with sensitive equipment. By enabling Airplane Mode, you ensure that your device does not emit any signals that may interfere with the plane’s navigation systems or other wireless devices. It helps maintain a safe and interference-free environment during flights. While in Airplane Mode, you can still use your device for non-wireless functions, such as reading offline content, playing games, or accessing stored files. However, you won’t be able to make or receive phone calls, send or receive text messages, or access the Internet via cellular data or Wi-Fi. Once you’ve landed or are in an appropriate location, you can disable Airplane Mode to regain access to your device’s wireless connectivity.
  • Ambient Light Sensor: A sensor that detects the surrounding light conditions and adjusts the smartphone’s display brightness automatically for optimal visibility and power efficiency.
  • AMOLED: Active-Matrix Organic Light-Emitting Diode, a display technology known for vibrant colours, high contrast, and energy efficiency.
  • Android: An open-source operating system developed by Google, used by various smartphone manufacturers, known for its customisation options, extensive app ecosystem, and integration with Google services.
  • Antenna: A component that receives and transmits wireless signals. In early mobile phones, antennas were visible and could be extended for better signal reception.
  • Aperture: The opening of the phone’s camera lens that controls the amount of light entering the camera sensor. It plays a crucial role in determining the exposure of a photograph. A wider aperture (represented by a lower f-number) allows more light to enter, resulting in a brighter image, while a narrower aperture (higher f-number) lets in less light, leading to a darker image. Additionally, the aperture also affects the depth of field, influencing how much of the scene appears in sharp focus.
  • App (Application): Software programs designed to perform specific functions or provide services on a smartphone. Apps can be downloaded and installed from app stores, such as the Apple App Store or Google Play Store.[6]
  • App Ecosystem: The collection of applications (apps) available for a specific operating system, typically accessed through an app store.
  • App Permissions: App Permissions serve as a security measure, allowing users to control their privacy and data. They help ensure that apps do not have unrestricted access to sensitive information or device functions without the user’s consent. Depending on the operating system (such as Android or iOS), app permissions can be managed and configured in the device’s settings.
  • App Store: An online marketplace where users can browse, download, and install various applications (apps) on their smartphones. Examples include the Apple App Store for iOS devices and the Google Play Store for Android devices.
  • Apple App Store: The official app store for iOS devices, providing a curated selection of apps, games, and other content specifically designed for Apple devices.
  • Aspect Ratio: The proportional relationship between the width and height of a smartphone’s display, affecting how content is displayed.
  • Augmented Reality (AR): Technology that overlays digital information, such as images, videos, or 3D models, onto the real-world environment, enhancing the user’s perception and interaction with their surroundings through the smartphone’s camera and display.
  • Autofocus: A camera feature that automatically adjusts the lens’s focus to ensure the subject appears sharp and clear.
  • Barometer: A sensor that measures atmospheric pressure, which can be used to provide altitude information, weather forecasting, and activity tracking.
  • Battery Life: The duration a fully charged battery can power the smartphone under normal usage conditions before needing to be recharged. Battery capacity is measured in milliampere-hours (mAh) and determines how long the device can be used before recharging.
  • Biometric Authentication: Security features that use unique biological characteristics. Common biometric authentication methods in smartphones include fingerprint scanners, facial recognition, iris scanning and voice recognition.
  • Bixby (Samsung): Bixby is a virtual assistant developed by Samsung for their mobile devices, including smartphones and tablets. It is designed to provide users with voice-based interaction and perform various tasks using natural language processing and artificial intelligence. Like other virtual assistants such as Siri (Apple) and Google Assistant, Bixby aims to assist users in performing tasks, getting information, and controlling their devices through voice commands. It can perform functions such as making phone calls, sending text messages, setting reminders, searching the web, launching apps, and providing answers to queries. Bixby is equipped with contextual understanding capabilities, allowing it to comprehend complex commands and follow up with related questions to provide more accurate responses. It is designed to learn the user’s preferences and adapt to their usage patterns over time.
  • Bluetooth: A short-range wireless technology that allows smartphones to connect and communicate with other Bluetooth-enabled devices, such as headphones, speakers, and wearable devices.
  • Brick: The nickname given to early mobile phones, particularly the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X, due to their large and bulky size.
  • Burst Mode: A camera mode that captures a rapid series of photos with a single press and hold of the shutter button, useful for capturing fast-moving subjects or selecting the best shot from a series.
  • Camera: The built-in device on a smartphone that captures photos and videos. Smartphones often have both front and rear cameras, enabling users to take selfies, make video calls, and capture high-quality images.
  • Carrier-locked Phone: The carrier typically implements the locking mechanism in partnership with the phone manufacturer. It ensures that customers fulfil their contractual obligations, such as completing the agreed-upon term of service or paying off the device in instalments. Carrier-locked phones are often sold at a subsidised price or as part of a contract with the carrier.
  • Cell Phone: An older term used to describe mobile phones, which were used mainly for voice calls in the early days.
  • Cellular Network: A network of interconnected cells, each served by a base station or tower, that allows mobile phones to communicate wirelessly.
  • Charger: The device used to recharge a smartphone’s battery. Chargers can be connected to a power outlet or USB port for charging.
  • Charging Times: The time it takes to fully recharge the smartphone’s battery, which can vary depending on the charging method, battery capacity, and charging technology.
  • Cloud Storage: A service that allows users to store their files, photos, videos, and other data on remote servers accessed via the Internet. Cloud storage enables users to free up storage space on their smartphones and access their files from multiple devices. Examples include iCloud (Apple), Google Drive (Google), and OneDrive (Microsoft).
  • Customisation: The ability to personalise the smartphone’s appearance and behaviour according to the user’s preferences, such as changing wallpapers, themes, and app layouts.
  • Customisation: The ability to personalise the smartphone’s interface, including features such as home screen layouts, widgets, and system-level modifications.
  • Depth Sensor: A camera component that measures the distance between the smartphone and the subject, enabling features like portrait mode, bokeh effects, and augmented reality (AR) applications.
  • Digital Assistant: An intelligent virtual assistant integrated into smartphones, such as Siri (iOS) or Google Assistant (Android). It responds to voice commands, performs tasks, provides information, and assists with various activities.
  • Digital Zoom: A camera feature that magnifies the image digitally by cropping and enlarging a portion of the frame, which can result in a loss of image quality compared to optical zoom.
  • Display Resolution: The number of pixels (dots) that make up the screen of a smartphone, typically represented by two numbers (e.g., 1080 x 2340 pixels). Higher resolutions result in sharper and more detailed images and text on the screen.
  • Display: The screen on a smartphone that shows information, images, and videos. Displays can vary in size, resolution, and technology (e.g., LCD, OLED, AMOLED).
  • Do Not Disturb Mode: a smartphone feature that allows users to temporarily silence or limit interruptions from incoming calls, notifications, and alerts. When enabled, it helps users maintain focus, prevent disruptions, and have a peaceful environment.
  • Custom Rules and Exceptions: Depending on the device and operating system, users may have the option to create custom rules and exceptions for the Do Not Disturb mode. This can include setting up specific rules based on contacts, events, or specific app notifications to allow or block certain alerts while in the mode.
  • Dual Camera: A smartphone feature that includes two separate camera lenses, often used for depth sensing, wide-angle shots, or telephoto capabilities.
  • Dual SIM: A feature that allows a smartphone to support two SIM cards simultaneously, enabling users to have two different phone numbers or use different network providers on a single device.
  • Dual-Band: Dual-band refers to the capability of a device, such as a smartphone, router, or wireless network, to operate on two different frequency bands or radio frequencies. In the context of smartphones and wireless communication, dual-band typically refers to Wi-Fi connectivity. Dual-band devices, such as dual-band smartphones or routers, can connect to both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz Wi-Fi networks. This provides flexibility and allows the device to choose the best available band based on factors like signal strength, network congestion, and device compatibility. It is important to note that not all devices are dual-band capable. Some devices may only support one band, typically the 2.4 GHz band.
  • EIS (Electronic Image Stabilisation): A software-based image stabilisation technique that reduces camera shake and vibration by using algorithms to compensate for motion, enhancing the stability of photos and videos.
  • eSIM (Embedded SIM): A programmable SIM card embedded directly into a smartphone or other connected devices, eliminating the need for a physical SIM card. eSIM lets users switch between mobile network operators without changing physical SIM cards.
  • Expandable Storage: The capability of a smartphone to increase its storage capacity by inserting a microSD card or other external memory cards. It provides additional space for storing apps, photos, videos, and other files.
  • External Antenna: An antenna located outside the device’s body, often extendable or adjustable, used in early mobile phones to improve signal strength.
  • Face Recognition: A biometric authentication feature that uses facial recognition technology to unlock a smartphone or verify the user’s identity. It analyses facial features and matches them with stored data for authentication.
  • Face Unlock: Face Unlock is a biometric security feature available on many modern smartphones. It allows users to unlock their devices by using facial recognition technology. Face Unlock offers a convenient and quick way to unlock your smartphone without the need to enter a PIN or password. It can be particularly useful when your hands are occupied, or you’re in a situation where manual input is difficult. Once your face is enrolled, unlocking your phone becomes a seamless and natural process. Simply looking at your device can instantly unlock it, saving you time and effort, but it may not provide the same level of security as other biometric methods like fingerprint recognition or password-based authentication.
  • Fingerprint Scanner: A security feature that uses the unique fingerprint of a user to unlock a smartphone or authenticate certain actions, such as making mobile payments or accessing secure apps.
  • Flash: A light source on a smartphone used to illuminate scenes in low-light conditions when capturing photos or videos.
  • Front Camera: Also known as a selfie camera or front-facing camera, it is located on the front of the smartphone and is used for capturing self-portraits or participating in video calls and conferencing.
  • Gigabit LTE: An advanced form of 4G LTE (Long-Term Evolution) that delivers gigabit-level data speeds, approaching the performance of early 5G networks. Gigabit LTE utilises carrier aggregation, advanced antenna technologies, and higher-order modulation schemes to achieve faster download and upload speeds.
  • Google Play Store: The official app store for Android devices, offering a wide range of apps, games, and digital content for users to download and install on their smartphones.
  • Gorilla Glass: A durable and scratch-resistant glass used in smartphone displays to protect against damage.
  • GPS (Global Positioning System): A satellite-based navigation system that enables smartphones to determine their precise location on the Earth’s surface. GPS is used for navigation, mapping, location-based services, and various other applications.
  • GPS (Global Positioning System): A satellite-based navigation system that provides location and positioning information to smartphones. GPS enables features like turn-by-turn navigation, location tracking, and geolocation-based services.
  • GSM: GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communications. It is a standard that defines how mobile phones communicate with cellular networks. GSM technology allows phones to connect to mobile networks, make calls, send text messages, and access data services. It is the most widely used mobile network standard globally and enables seamless communication between different mobile devices and networks worldwide.
  • Gyroscope: A sensor that measures angular rotation and helps determine the smartphone’s orientation in three-dimensional space. It enhances the accuracy of motion sensing and gaming experiences.
  • Haptic Feedback: The tactile feedback a smartphone provides through vibrations or simulated touch sensations. It enhances the user experience by providing tactile confirmation for actions and interactions.
  • HDR (High Dynamic Range): A technology that improves the dynamic range and visual quality of photos and videos taken with a smartphone camera. HDR captures a wider range of colours, highlights, and shadows, producing more vibrant and detailed images.
  • High-resolution Display: A high-resolution display refers to a screen that has a higher pixel density, resulting in sharper and more detailed visuals. It means that the display can render images, text, and videos with greater clarity and finer details compared to a lower-resolution display.
  • High-Speed Internet Access: The capability of smartphones to connect to high-speed internet networks, such as 4G or 5G, enabling fast web browsing, video streaming, and data-intensive applications.
  • In-App Purchase: A feature that allows users to make purchases or unlock additional features within an app. It often involves buying virtual goods, subscriptions, or removing ads.
  • In-Display Fingerprint Scanner: An in-display fingerprint scanner, also known as an under-display fingerprint scanner or an in-screen fingerprint scanner, is a biometric authentication technology integrated directly into the display of a device. Instead of having a physical fingerprint sensor on the front or back of the device, the scanner is embedded beneath the screen’s surface.
  • Infrared (IR) Blaster: A feature in some smartphones that allows them to act as a remote control for various infrared-enabled devices, such as TVs, air conditioners, and home entertainment systems.
  • Integration with Ecosystem: The level of integration and compatibility with other devices and services within the manufacturer’s Ecosystem, such as iCloud for Apple devices and Google services for Android.
  • Integration with Ecosystem: The seamless integration between the smartphone and the Ecosystem of services and devices offered by the operating system’s provider. For example, iOS devices integrate well with Apple’s Ecosystem, including iCloud, iMessage, FaceTime, and other Apple products.
  • Internal Antenna: An antenna integrated within the device’s body, not visible externally, commonly found in modern smartphones for improved signal reception.
  • Internal Storage: The built-in memory of a smartphone used to store apps, data, and media files.
  • iOS: The operating system developed by Apple for its iPhone and iPad devices, known for its intuitive interface, tight integration with Apple services, and curated app ecosystem.
  • IP Rating (Ingress Protection): A rating system that indicates the level of protection a smartphone has against solid particles (first digit) and liquids (second digit). For example, an IP68 rating means the device is dustproof and can withstand being submerged in water up to a certain depth.
  • Launcher: The default user interface and home screen experience on an Android smartphone. It provides access to apps, widgets, and shortcuts and allows customisation of the home screen layout.
  • LCD: Liquid Crystal Display, a common display technology that uses liquid crystals to create images with backlighting.
  • Lithium-ion (Li-ion) Battery: A rechargeable battery technology widely used in smartphones and other portable devices due to its high energy density and longer lifespan compared to older battery technologies.
  • Live Tiles (Windows Phone): Live Tiles are a feature specific to Windows Phone, a mobile operating system developed by Microsoft. Live Tiles provide dynamic and interactive tiles on the device’s home screen, displaying real-time information and updates from apps. A Windows Phone uses a tile-based interface where the home screen comprises various rectangular or square tiles representing different apps, contacts, or system features. Each tile can be customised and resized according to the user’s preference. Live Tiles were introduced as a distinctive feature of Windows Phone, offering a unique and dynamic user interface compared to other mobile operating systems.
  • Manual Focus: A camera option that allows users to manually adjust the lens’ focus, giving more control over the desired focal point and depth of field.
  • Megapixel (MP): A unit of measurement that represents the resolution of a smartphone camera, indicating the number of pixels captured in an image.
  • MicroSD Card: A MicroSD card is a small, portable storage device used to expand the storage capacity of various electronic devices, including some smartphones.
  • Mobile Hotspot: A mobile hotspot refers to a feature available on smartphones that allows you to share your cellular data connection with other devices, such as laptops, tablets, or other smartphones. When you enable the mobile hotspot feature on your smartphone, it acts as a portable router by creating a local Wi-Fi network. Whether you need to connect your laptop while travelling, share internet access with friends or colleagues, or provide temporary Wi-Fi connectivity in a location without Wi-Fi, the mobile hotspot feature can be a valuable tool.
  • Mobile Payment: A feature that allows users to make payments using their smartphones instead of traditional methods like cash or credit cards. It typically involves storing payment information securely on the device and using it for contactless transactions through services such as Apple Pay, Google Pay, or Samsung Pay.
  • Mobile Wallet: A mobile wallet, also known as a digital wallet or e-wallet, refers to a virtual platform or application on a mobile device that allows users to store, manage, and make electronic transactions securely. It’s important to note that the availability and features of mobile wallets may vary depending on the country, mobile device, and specific mobile wallet app. Popular examples of mobile wallet apps include Apple Pay, Google Pay, Samsung Pay, PayPal, Venmo, and Alipay, among others.
  • Multitasking: The ability of a smartphone to run multiple apps or processes simultaneously, allowing users to switch between them seamlessly. It enables split-screen multitasking, picture-in-picture mode, and background app activity.
  • NFC (Near Field Communication): A short-range wireless communication technology that enables devices to exchange data when they are close to each other, typically within a few centimetres. It is used for tasks such as contactless payments, file transfers, and Bluetooth pairing.
  • Night Mode: A camera mode specifically designed for low-light conditions, using advanced image processing algorithms to capture brighter and more detailed photos in dark environments.
  • Notification Center: A centralised area where notifications from apps, messages, emails, and system updates are displayed on a smartphone. It provides quick access to recent alerts and allows users to manage their notifications.
  • Offline Mode: A mode in which a smartphone operates without an internet connection, allowing users to access certain features, apps, and content stored locally on the device.
  • OIS (Optical Image Stabilisation): A camera technology that helps reduce blur caused by shaky hands or camera movements, resulting in sharper photos and smoother videos.
  • OLED Display: An OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diode) display is a type of display technology used in many modern electronic devices, including smartphones. OLED displays are made up of tiny organic light-emitting diodes. These diodes are made of organic compounds that emit light when an electric current is passed through them. Unlike traditional LCD displays, which require a separate backlight to illuminate the pixels, OLED displays emit their own light, allowing for greater control over individual pixels and improved contrast ratios.OLED displays are widely used in flagship smartphones due to their superior visual quality, slim form factor, and energy efficiency. They offer vivid colours, deep blacks, high contrast ratios, and excellent viewing angles, providing an immersive and visually stunning experience for users.
  • Operating System (OS): The software that manages and controls the basic functions of a smartphone, providing an interface for users to interact with the device. Examples include Android, iOS, and Windows Mobile.
  • Optical Image Stabilisation (OIS): A camera technology that reduces blurring caused by shaky hand movements, resulting in sharper photos and videos.
  • Optical Zoom: A camera feature that adjusts the lens’ focal length, allowing users to zoom in optically without sacrificing image quality.
  • OTA (Over-The-Air) Updates: The ability of a smartphone to receive and install software updates directly from the manufacturer or operating system provider without requiring a physical connection to a computer. OTA updates often include bug fixes, security patches, and new features.
  • Panorama: A camera mode that allows users to capture wide-angle photos by panning the smartphone across a scene, resulting in a panoramic image that captures a broader field of view.
  • PDA: PDA stands for Personal Digital Assistant. It is a handheld electronic device that combines various functions, such as a calendar, address book, note-taking, and sometimes communication capabilities. PDAs are designed to assist users with organising personal information, managing tasks, and accessing digital content on the go.
  • Pixel Density: The number of pixels per inch (PPI) on a smartphone’s display, indicating the level of detail and sharpness.
  • Portrait Mode: A camera mode that blurs the background of a subject, creating a professional-looking portrait with a shallow depth of field effect.
  • Power Saving Mode: Power Saving Mode is a smartphone feature that helps conserve battery life by limiting certain functions and reducing power consumption. When activated, it adjusts settings such as screen brightness, CPU performance, background app activity, and connectivity options to extend the device’s battery life. The specific adjustments may vary depending on the device and operating system, but the primary goal is to optimise power usage and increase the time between charges.
  • Priority or Alarms Only Mode: Some devices offer additional settings within Do Not Disturb mode, such as a “Priority” mode or an “Alarms Only” mode. In Priority mode, only selected contacts or apps can bypass the silence settings, ensuring that only important notifications get through. Alarms Only mode allows essential alarms or timers to sound while muting everything else.
  • Pro Mode: An advanced camera mode that gives users manual control over various camera settings such as ISO, shutter speed, white balance, and more, allowing for more precise photography adjustments.
  • Processor: The central processing unit (CPU) of a smartphone responsible for executing instructions and running applications. It determines the device’s performance and speed.
  • Productivity Apps: Applications designed to enhance productivity and organisation, such as note-taking apps, calendar management tools, document editors, and task management apps.
  • Proximity Sensor: A sensor that detects the presence of objects or proximity to the user’s face. It enables features like automatically turning off the display during calls to prevent accidental touch input.
  • Push Notifications: Push Notifications are alerts or messages that are sent to a mobile device from applications or services, even when the app is not actively in use. They “push” important information or updates to the user’s device, appearing as notifications on the screen or in the notification centre. Push notifications are commonly used to deliver real-time updates, such as new messages, social media notifications, news alerts, or reminders, keeping users informed and engaged with their apps.
  • Qi Wireless Charging: The most widely adopted wireless charging standard developed by the Wireless Power Consortium (WPC). It allows Qi-compatible devices to be charged wirelessly on Qi-enabled charging pads or stands.
  • Quad-Band: Quad-Band refers to a mobile device or network that supports four different frequency bands for cellular communication. These bands are typically used for voice and data transmission. Having quad-band capability allows the device to operate on multiple frequency bands, providing broader coverage and compatibility with various network providers worldwide. It ensures better connectivity and the ability to access mobile services in different regions or countries without compatibility issues.
  • Quick Charge: A technology developed by Qualcomm that enables fast charging of smartphone batteries by delivering higher power through compatible chargers and devices. Quick Charge reduces charging times and is available in various versions, such as Quick Charge 3.0, Quick Charge 4.0, and Quick Charge 5.
  • RAM: Random Access Memory, a type of temporary storage in a smartphone that holds data for quick access by the processor, affecting multitasking capabilities.
  • Rapid Charging: Charging technology that delivers higher power to the device, enabling faster charging times compared to standard charging methods.
  • Rear Camera: The primary camera located on the back of a smartphone used for capturing photos and videos. Rear cameras often have higher resolutions and advanced features like autofocus, optical image stabilisation, and multiple lenses for different camera shooting modes (wide-angle, telephoto, macro, etc.).
  • Resolution: The number of pixels displayed on a smartphone’s screen, typically measured in width x height (e.g., Full HD: 1920×1080 pixels).
  • Retina Display: A high-resolution display developed by Apple featuring pixel densities that make individual pixels indistinguishable to the human eye.
  • Screen Mirroring: The ability to wirelessly display the screen of a smartphone on a larger external display, such as a TV or computer monitor, allowing users to view and interact with their smartphone content on a bigger screen.
  • Selfie: A self-portrait photograph taken using the front-facing camera of a smartphone.
  • SIM Card (Subscriber Identity Module): A small card inserted into a smartphone that contains the user’s unique identification information and allows the device to connect to a mobile network and make calls, send messages, and access data services.
  • SIM Lock: A restriction imposed by mobile network operators to prevent a smartphone from being used with a SIM card from a different network. Unlocking the SIM lock allows the device to be used with other network providers.
  • Siri (Apple): Siri is a virtual voice assistant developed by Apple. It is designed to provide voice-activated assistance to users on Apple devices, such as iPhones, iPads, and Mac computers. Siri can perform various tasks based on voice commands, such as answering questions, setting reminders, sending messages, making phone calls, providing directions, and controlling smart home devices. It uses natural language processing and machine learning algorithms to understand and respond to user queries, making it a convenient and hands-free way to interact with Apple devices.
  • Slo-Mo: Short for slow motion, this camera mode records videos at a higher frame rate, allowing for playback at a slower speed, capturing details and movements in a more dramatic and deliberate manner.
  • Smartphone: A mobile device that combines the functionality of a cellphone with advanced features such as internet access, multimedia capabilities, and various applications.
  • Social Media Integration: The ability of smartphones to integrate with popular social media platforms, allowing users to easily access, post, and share content directly from their devices.
  • Software Updates: Regular updates released by the operating system provider to improve security, fix bugs, and introduce new features or enhancements to the smartphone’s software.
  • Split-screen Mode: Split-screen mode is a feature available on certain smartphones and tablets that allows users to view and use two apps simultaneously side by side on the screen. It enables multitasking by dividing the screen into two separate sections, with each section displaying a different app. This feature is particularly useful for tasks that require referencing information from one app while working on another, such as comparing documents, copying and pasting content, or watching a video while browsing the web. Split-screen mode enhances productivity and efficiency by enabling users to interact with multiple apps without constantly switching between them.
  • Storage: The amount of built-in memory available on a smartphone to store data, including apps, photos, videos, and documents.
  • Super AMOLED Display (Samsung): A display technology developed by Samsung. It is an advanced version of AMOLED display technology, known for its vibrant colours, high contrast ratios, and deep blacks. Super AMOLED displays offer exceptional picture quality and viewing experiences on smartphones and other devices. They use organic compounds that emit light when an electric current is applied, resulting in bright and vivid colours. The “Super” in Super AMOLED signifies additional enhancements made by Samsung, such as integrating the touch sensor into the display itself, making it thinner and improving touch sensitivity. Super AMOLED displays are widely used in Samsung’s flagship smartphones, providing users with immersive visuals and excellent overall display performance.
  • Telephoto Lens: A telephoto lens is a type of camera lens with a longer focal length than a standard lens. It is designed to magnify distant subjects and bring them closer, allowing you to capture clear and detailed photos of objects that are far away. Telephoto lenses are commonly used in smartphone cameras to enhance zoom capabilities and capture high-quality images of distant subjects without compromising image quality. They are particularly useful for capturing sports events, wildlife, and other scenarios where you need to photograph subjects that are not easily accessible. Telephoto lenses offer an optical zoom effect, allowing you to capture close-up shots without physically moving closer to the subject. This feature adds versatility to smartphone photography, giving you more creative possibilities and the ability to capture distant details with clarity.
  • Tethering: This is the process of using a smartphone’s internet connection to provide internet access to other devices, such as laptops or tablets, by creating a personal hotspot. Tethering allows devices to share the smartphone’s mobile data connection.
  • Time-Lapse: A camera mode that captures a series of photos at regular intervals and combines them into a video, condensing long periods into a shorter video clip, often used to showcase events like sunsets, construction progress, or cloud movements.
  • Touchscreen: A display that detects and responds to touch inputs, allowing users to interact with the smartphone by tapping, swiping, and pinching gestures.
  • UI (User Interface): The visual and interactive elements that allow users to interact with a smartphone. It includes elements such as icons, menus, notifications, and settings.
  • USB Power Delivery (USB PD): A universal charging standard that allows devices to negotiate power delivery over USB connections, supporting fast charging and higher power transfer.
  • USB Type-C: A versatile, reversible USB connector that has become increasingly popular in smartphones and other devices. USB-C offers faster data transfer speeds, supports higher power delivery for fast charging, and can be used for connecting peripherals, displays, and other accessories.
  • User Interface (UI): The visual layout and design that allows users to interact with a smartphone, including icons, menus, and navigation elements.
  • Virtual Assistant: Intelligent software programs, such as Siri (iOS) or Google Assistant (Android), that use voice commands and natural language processing to perform tasks, provide information, and assist users with various activities on their smartphones.
  • Virtual Reality (VR): An immersive technology that creates a simulated environment, typically through a headset, allowing users to experience and interact with a computer-generated world. Smartphones can be used as VR devices by inserting them into compatible headsets.
  • VoIP: VoIP, which stands for Voice over Internet Protocol, is a technology that allows voice communication over the Internet rather than traditional telephone lines. It converts voice signals into digital data packets and transmits them over an IP network, such as the Internet. With VoIP, you can make phone calls using an internet-connected device, such as a smartphone, computer, or VoIP-enabled desk phone. The data packets containing your voice are transmitted in real-time or near real-time, providing a means of voice communication that is often more cost-effective and flexible than traditional telephone systems. VoIP offers various features and benefits, including lower costs for long-distance and international calls, scalability for businesses, integration with other communication services, and additional functionalities like video conferencing and instant messaging. It has become increasingly popular for personal and business use, revolutionising how we communicate by leveraging the power of the internet for voice transmission.
  • VoLTE (Voice over LTE): A technology that allows voice calls to be transmitted over 4G LTE networks, providing improved call quality and faster call setup times than traditional voice calls on 2G or 3G networks.
  • Wide-angle Lens: A wide-angle lens is a type of camera lens that has a wider field of view compared to a standard or telephoto lens. It captures a broader perspective, allowing you to fit more into the frame and capture a wider scene. Wide-angle lenses are commonly used in photography and videography to capture landscapes, architecture, group shots, and other situations where you want to include more of the surroundings in the image. They are characterised by their short focal length, typically below 35mm, which results in a wider field of view and greater depth of field. Wide-angle lenses can create a sense of depth and spatial distortion, with objects closer to the lens appearing larger and things further away appearing smaller. They are a valuable tool for creative composition and capturing immersive images with a wider perspective.
  • Widget: A small interactive component displayed on the home screen of a smartphone that provides quick access to specific information or functions without the need to open a dedicated app. Widgets can display weather updates, calendar events, news headlines, and more.
  • Wi-Fi: A wireless communication technology that allows smartphones to connect to local wireless networks, providing high-speed internet access and enabling data transfer without using cellular data.
  • Wireless Charging: A method of charging a smartphone battery without the need for physical cables or connectors. Wireless charging uses induction or resonant technology, allowing the device to be placed on a compatible charging pad or stand to initiate the charging process.
  • XMP (eXtreme Memory Profile): A technology that allows smartphone users to overclock their device’s RAM, optimising its performance for demanding tasks and applications.


Picture Credit: “A businesswoman typing a text message on her mobile phone” by wuestenigel is licensed under CC BY 2.0.

Tracking Falls
Tracking falls by elderly persons (or those with a disability) using mobile phones can benefit their safety. Here are some details regarding fall tracking:

  • Fall Detection: Many modern smartphones have built-in sensors like accelerometers, gyroscopes, and barometers that can detect sudden movements or changes in orientation. These sensors enable fall detection capabilities in some mobile devices.
  • Dedicated Apps: Specialised mobile apps are available that use the phone’s sensors to detect falls. These apps can analyse the movement patterns and forces experienced during a fall and automatically alert designated contacts or emergency services.
  • GPS Tracking: Mobile phones with GPS capabilities can provide location data, allowing caregivers or emergency responders to quickly locate an elderly or infirm person who has fallen. GPS tracking can be integrated into fall detection apps for enhanced safety.
  • Wearable Devices: Some mobile phones can be paired with wearable devices, such as smartwatches or fitness trackers, with fall detection features. These wearables work in conjunction with the mobile phone to provide real-time fall monitoring and alerts.
  • User-defined Emergency Contacts: Fall detection apps or built-in features typically allow users to specify emergency contacts who will be notified in case of a fall. This enables rapid response and ensures that the necessary help is provided promptly.
  • Silent Alarms: In situations where an elderly person may not be able to reach their phone after a fall, some fall detection systems include silent alarms that automatically trigger an alert, even if the user cannot physically activate it.
  • Inactivity Monitoring: Some fall detection apps or systems can also monitor the lack of movement or inactivity for extended periods. If no movement is detected within a specified timeframe, an alert can be triggered to check on the person’s well-being.
  • Real-time Communication: Mobile phones with fall detection capabilities often offer two-way communication, enabling the elderly person to directly communicate with emergency contacts or responders in case of a fall or emergency.

It’s important to note that while fall detection apps and features can be helpful, they are not infallible and may have limitations. False alarms or missed detections can occur, so it’s crucial to supplement these technologies with regular check-ins and appropriate emergency protocols.

In Conclusion
I thought it might be useful and interesting to finish this paper with a list of some things about mobile phones that many people do not know. So, here goes…

  • E-Waste Concerns: Mobile phones contribute significantly to electronic waste (e-waste) due to their short lifespan and frequent upgrades. Proper recycling and disposal of old phones are crucial for environmental sustainability.
  • Hidden Menus: Mobile phones often have hidden menus accessible through specific codes. These menus provide access to advanced settings, diagnostic tools, and additional features not readily available through the regular user interface.
  • Radiation Emission: Mobile phones emit non-ionizing radiation, commonly known as radiofrequency (RF) radiation. Although studies have not definitively proven harmful effects, some experts suggest reducing exposure using hands-free options or limiting phone use.
  • Remote Hacking Risks: Mobile phones can be vulnerable to remote hacking attacks. Keeping your phone’s software up to date with the latest security patches and being cautious about downloading apps from untrusted sources can help mitigate these risks.
  • Mobile Banking Security: While convenient, mobile banking apps may carry security risks. It is essential to use trusted banking apps and secure your phone with strong passwords or biometric authentication to safeguard your financial information.
  • Battery Lifespan: The lifespan of a mobile phone battery is affected by multiple factors, including temperature, charging patterns, and overall usage. Frequent full discharge and overcharging can degrade battery life over time.
  • Indoor Positioning Systems: Mobile phones use a combination of GPS, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth signals for location tracking. When GPS signals are weak indoors, phones rely on Wi-Fi and Bluetooth to estimate your location, enabling indoor positioning systems in some apps.
  • Emergency Call Accessibility: Even without a SIM card or an active cellular plan, mobile phones are generally capable of making emergency calls. This is because emergency calls can be made using any available cellular network, regardless of the phone’s network compatibility.
  • IMEI Tracking: Every mobile phone has a unique International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number, which can be used to track a lost or stolen device. You can find the IMEI number on the phone’s packaging, in the settings menu, or by entering *#06# on the phone’s keypad.
  • Smartphone Addiction: The excessive use of mobile phones can lead to smartphone addiction or nomophobia (fear of being without a mobile phone). Establishing a healthy balance between phone usage and other aspects of life is important.
  • Health and Sleep Impact: The blue light emitted by mobile phone screens can affect sleep quality. Using night mode or blue light filters and limiting screen time before bed can help mitigate these effects.
  • Environmental Impact: The production and disposal of mobile phones have significant ecological impacts. From resource extraction to manufacturing processes, reducing e-waste and opting for eco-friendly phone options can contribute to a more sustainable future.

These points highlight various aspects of mobile phones beyond their typical functionalities, shedding light on lesser-known facts and considerations.


Picture Credit: “Phone addicts” by Jeanne Menjoulet is licensed under CC BY-ND 2.0.

 Sources and Further Reading

Books:

CAUTION: This paper is compiled from the sources stated but has not been externally reviewed. Parts of this paper include information provided via artificial intelligence which, although checked by the author, is not always accurate or reliable. Neither we nor any third parties provide any warranty or guarantee as to the accuracy, timeliness, performance, completeness or suitability of the information and materials covered in this paper for any particular purpose. Such information and materials may contain inaccuracies or errors and we expressly exclude liability for any such inaccuracies or errors to the fullest extent permitted by law. Your use of any information or materials on this website is entirely at your own risk, for which we shall not be liable. It shall be your own responsibility to ensure that any products, services or information available through this paper meet your specific requirements and you should neither take action nor exercise inaction without taking appropriate professional advice. The hyperlinks were current at the date of publication.

End Notes and Explanations

  1. Source: Compiled from research using information at the sources stated throughout the text, together with information provided by machine-generated artificial intelligence at: bing.com [chat] and https://chat.openai.com ↑
  2. Source: “Motorola DynaTAC 8000X”. Motorola Mobility 2011. Cited at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_DynaTAC ↑
  3. Source: “The History of Mobile Phone Technology”. RedOrbit. Cited at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_DynaTAC ↑
  4. Source: Jin, Dal Yong (2017). Smartland Korea: Mobile Communication, Culture, and Society. The University of Michigan Press. pp. 34–35.  ISBN 9780472053377. Cited at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Simon ↑
  5. Sources: [1] Sager, Ira (June 29, 2012). “Before iPhone and Android Came Simon, the First Smartphone”. Bloomberg Businessweek. ISSN 2162-657X, [2] “Ericsson GS88 Preview”. Eri-no-moto. 2006, [3] “Penelope Box”. [3] Stockholm Smartphone. 2010, and [4] Savage, Pamela (January 1995). “Designing a GUI for Business Telephone users”. Interactions. Association for Computing Machinery. 2: 32–41.  Cited at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Simon ↑
  6. Explanation: For non-IT tech people, an app can be described as a small program or tool that you can use on a smartphone or tablet. It’s like having a collection of helpful and entertaining things right at your fingertips. With apps, you can do all sorts of things like reading books, playing games, staying in touch with family and friends, listening to music, or even learning new things. They’re designed to be easy to use and make your device (phone or iPad for example) more useful and enjoyable. It’s like having a personal assistant on your device that can do all kinds of interesting and fun activities for you. ↑
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Martin Pollins

Martin Pollins is a Chartered Accountant and MBA with wide experience in corporate finance and business management. He has served on the boards of several companies, including those listed on the London Stock Exchange, AIM and OFEX. He is the Chairman and Founder of OneSmartPlace and was a Council member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales from 1988 to 1996. He was managing partner of PRB Martin Pollins, based in Sussex, the first Accountancy firm to advertise on British television. He went on to create and launch the CharterGroup Partnership (the UK’s first Accountancy network) and then LawGroup UK (at the time, one of the largest networks of lawyers in the UK). In recent years, he helped to raise several £millions to fund British films such as The Da Vinci Code, Bridge of San Luis Rey, Head in the Clouds and Merchant of Venice with actors such as Charlize Theron, Robert De Niro, Al Pacino, F. Murray Abraham. Kathy Bates, Gabriel Byrne, Geraldine Chaplin, Tom Hanks, Ian McKellen, Audrey Tautou, Penélope Cruz, Steven Berkoff, Lynn Collins, Jeremy Irons, Joseph Fiennes and many more. He has written several business publications (see https://onesmartplace.com/resources/)

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