Introduction^[1]

Moreton is a village in the county of Dorset, England, home to the beautiful St. Nicholas Church, also known as St. Nicholas’ Church in Moreton. The church is famous for its remarkable collection of engraved glass windows. It showcases a series of intricate and detailed engraved glass windows created by the renowned engraved glass artist Sir Alan Charles Laurence Whistler (always known as Laurence Whistler). The windows are highly regarded for their exquisite craftsmanship and artistic beauty. Each window tells a different story or depicts various biblical scenes, and they are known for their delicate and intricate designs.

If you get the chance to visit Moreton, exploring the stunning engraved glass windows of St. Nicholas Church is highly recommended. It is an artistic and historical treasure within the village and provides a captivating glimpse into the world of engraved glass artistry. It may be the only church in the world to have all its windows in engraved glass. In 1940, the church suffered a direct hit from a German bomb and was largely destroyed.

Picture Credit: “St Nicholas Church, Moreton, Dorset” by Jenny Mackness is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

History of St. Nicholas’ Church
The Origins and Establishment of the Church
There has been a church at Moreton from as early as 1190 when a chapel of ease^[2] was built there, with priests from Sherborne and Bindon Abbey. The first rector was appointed in 1298. The current building is almost entirely a product of the late 18^th century and was designed by James Frampton (d. 1784). The Framptons were related to T E Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia), who is buried in the local cemetery near the church following his death in a motorbike accident in May 1935 whilst on his way from Bovington Camp to his home at Clouds Hill.

Architectural Features and Significance
The church was built to serve as the local parish church, providing a place for religious worship, community gatherings, and significant religious ceremonies. As was common during the medieval period, the original church structure was likely a modest and simple building, reflecting the architectural style of the time. Over the centuries, the church underwent several expansions, renovations, and alterations, resulting in its present-day appearance.

Lawrence of Arabia’s Grave at Moreton Cemetery.

One notable architectural feature of St. Nicholas Church is its collection of exquisitely engraved glass windows, which has become a significant attraction for visitors. These windows, created by Laurence Whistler, are admired for their intricate craftsmanship, artistic beauty, and depiction of various biblical scenes and narratives.

The Historical Context of the Church in Moreton and Dorset
The establishment of St. Nicholas’ Church took place in the broader historical context of the Dorset region. Dorset, known for its natural beauty and historical significance, has a rich history that spans many centuries. During the medieval period, Dorset witnessed notable developments and growth driven by various factors such as trade, agriculture, and cultural influences. This period of prosperity led to the construction and expansion of several churches throughout the region, including St. Nicholas Church in Moreton.

Throughout its history, St. Nicholas Church has played a central role in the spiritual and communal life of Moreton. It has witnessed weddings, baptisms, funerals, and other religious ceremonies, fostering a sense of community and providing solace to its parishioners. The church continues to hold regular worship services, and its historical and architectural significance makes it a notable landmark in the village of Moreton. The church’s enduring presence serves as a testament to the enduring legacy of faith, artistry, and community in the region.

Introduction to Engraved Glass Art
Engraved Glass as an Art Form
Engraved glass^[3] is a captivating art form that uses techniques for etching and engraving to create intricate and beautiful designs on clear glass surfaces. With its unique qualities and luminous effects, engraved glass holds a special place among various art forms. It combines the properties of glass, light, and design to produce stunning visual compositions.

One of the defining features of engraved glass is its translucency. This interaction between light and glass gives the engraved glass a magical and ethereal quality, captivating viewers with its radiance. Engraved glass designs are usually achieved through techniques such as diamond wheel engraving or sandblasting, which create texture and patterns on the glass surface. These techniques do not involve adding colour, and the engraved areas remain transparent or translucent, allowing light to pass through.

The art of engraved glass involves the skilled craftsmanship of artisans who carefully etch or engrave designs onto glass surfaces. The design process considers composition, balance, and colour theory to create harmonious and visually compelling arrangements. Engraving techniques, such as etching or engraving with specialised tools are used to create precise and intricate details on the glass.

Engraved glass artists also employ various techniques to enhance their designs. They may use shading and texture techniques to add depth and dimension to the artwork. The careful manipulation of light and shadow further enhances the visual impact of engraved glass.

Historical Development of Engraved Glass Windows:
The roots of engraved glass windows can be traced back to ancient civilisations. The Egyptians and Romans employed etching and engraving techniques on glass surfaces, providing a glimpse into the early use of glass as a decorative element. However, during the medieval period in Europe, engraved glass flourished as an art form of its own.

In the Middle Ages, engraved glass windows became prominent features in Gothic cathedrals. These magnificent structures showcased large expanses of engraved glass, which served both a functional and symbolic purpose. Engraved glass was used to depict biblical narratives, saints, and religious symbolism, educating and inspiring illiterate congregations. Advancements in glassmaking techniques facilitated the development of engraved glass during this period. Artists discovered that intricate details and textures could be achieved by etching or engraving designs on glass surfaces. This technique allowed for the creation of finely rendered scenes and figures on the glass.

Picture Credit: “16-314 St Nicholas Church, Moreton” by Clive G’ is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

The Significance of Engraved Glass in Religious and Artistic Contexts
Engraved glass windows hold great significance in religious and artistic contexts, serving as powerful visual narratives and expressions of faith. In religious settings, engraved glass played a vital role in conveying religious stories and teachings to a predominantly illiterate population. These radiant windows transformed churches and cathedrals into awe-inspiring sanctuaries, creating a transcendent atmosphere and evoking a sense of divine presence.

Engraved glass also holds importance as an art form. It reflects the artistic movements and trends of different eras, with notable examples from various periods such as the Renaissance, Art Nouveau, and contemporary styles. Engraved glass artists demonstrated exceptional skill and craftsmanship, pushing the boundaries of the medium and creating awe-inspiring compositions.

Picture Credit: Sir (Alan Charles) Laurence Whistler.
Attributes: Photograph of Laurence Whistler (1912-2000) taken by Howard Coster in the 1950s
Page URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laurence_Whistler_portrait_1950s.jpg

Beyond their religious and artistic value, engraved glass windows have become integral to cultural heritage. They stand as testaments to the creativity, technical expertise, and devotion of generations of artists and artesans. These remarkable artworks continue to be admired for their beauty, symbolic representations, and their ability to create a sense of wonder and inspiration in viewers.

Sir Laurence Whistler and His Contribution
Biography of Sir Laurence Whistler
Sir Laurence Whistler CBE (21^st January 1912 – 19^th December 2000) was a British glass engraver and poet. He studied at Balliol College, Oxford, where Rex, his artist brother, paid his fees. He was the first President of the British Guild of Glass Engravers (in 1975) and (in 1935) the first recipient of the King’s Gold Medal for Poetry. He began engraving to supplement his income and later largely turned away from verse.^[4]

Whistler engraved designs on goblets and bowls blown to his designs and (increasingly, as he became more celebrated) on large-scale panels and windows for churches and private houses. He also engraved on three-sided prisms, some of them designed to revolve on a small turntable so that the prism’s internal reflections completed the image. The best-known of these was done as a memorial to his older brother, Rex Whistler.

His early works include a casket for the Queen Mother and a hinged glass triptych^[5] to hold her daily task schedule. In 1947, Whistler created one of the wedding gifts for Princess Elizabeth, a glass goblet engraved with the words of a 1613 poem by Thomas Campion, written for the marriage of Elizabeth of Bohemia, daughter of James I.^[6]

Whistler’s many honours included an OBE in the 1955 New Year’s Honours List and a CBE in the 1973 Queen’s Birthday Honours List. In the 2000 Queen’s Birthday Honours List, not long before his death at the age of 88, he was created a Knight Bachelor.

Whistler’s Artistic Style and Techniques
Whistler possessed a distinct artistic style characterised by its delicate and poetic nature. His work embraced a sense of grace, simplicity, and sensitivity, resulting in truly captivating engraved glass creations. One notable aspect of his style was his masterful use of line and form. He had a remarkable ability to create flowing, curvilinear designs that exuded a sense of movement and rhythm, gracefully guiding the viewer’s eye and enhancing the overall visual impact of his engraved glass windows.

Whistler also demonstrated a keen understanding of texture and depth. His engravings often featured intricate detailing and delicate shading, adding dimension and visual interest to the artwork.

Whistler skilfully manipulated light and shadow to create a sense of depth and create stunning visual effects.

The Impact and Influence of Whistler’s Work in Engraved Glass Artistry
Whistler’s work had a significant impact on the world of engraved glass artistry, both during his lifetime and in subsequent years. His innovative approach and artistic achievements left a lasting impression on the field. One of the key contributions he made was his ability to elevate engraved glass from a decorative craft to a fine art form. By infusing his designs with a sense of artistic expression and narrative, he redefined the possibilities of engraved glass as a medium for conveying meaning and emotion. Whistler’s work demonstrated that engraved glass could be both aesthetically beautiful and intellectually engaging.

Whistler’s artistic achievements also influenced subsequent generations of engraved glass artists. His ability to capture the essence of a subject with grace and subtlety inspired many artists to explore new artistic directions and push the boundaries of the medium. His emphasis on storytelling and integrating themes within his designs encouraged artists to approach engraved glass as a medium for narrative expression. His mastery of manipulating glass to achieve desired effects inspired other artists to experiment with different techniques and materials, contributing to advancements in the field.

Today, the legacy of Sir Laurence Whistler continues to resonate within the world of engraved glass artistry. His artistic style, techniques, and philosophy have left an indelible mark, shaping how engraved glass is appreciated, created, and understood as a significant form of creative expression.

Enduring Impact of Whistler’s Artistic Contributions
Whistler’s artistic contributions continue to resonate within the field of engraved glass artistry. His work transformed engraved glass from a decorative craft to a medium for fine art expression. He expanded the medium’s possibilities, inspiring subsequent generations of artists to approach engraved glass as a means of storytelling, emotion, and intellectual engagement.

Whistler’s mastery of line, form, colour harmony, and the interplay of light and glass remains influential. His emphasis on delicate aesthetics, subtlety, and the integration of themes has shaped how engraved glass is appreciated and understood as a significant form of artistic expression.

Furthermore, Whistler’s technical expertise in manipulating glass and layering techniques has had a lasting impact on the technical aspects of engraved glass creation. His innovations and willingness to push the boundaries of the medium have encouraged artists to experiment with new techniques and materials, contributing to the ongoing evolution of engraved glass artistry.

Reflection on Whistler’s Work
Sir Laurence Whistler was primarily self-taught as an engraved glass artist. He began his artistic journey by observing and studying medieval engraved glass windows in various European churches. He developed his distinctive artistic style and techniques through his experimentation and dedication.

In comparing Whistler’s work on the world stage, his contributions to engraved glass artistry are highly regarded and have earned him international recognition. He may not have been as widely known as some other engraved glass artists, such as Louis Comfort Tiffany or Marc Chagall, but Whistler’s work is considered exceptional in its own right and his work has influenced and inspired subsequent generations of engraved glass artists. Whistler’s focus on storytelling, integration of themes, and his commitment to elevating engraved glass to a fine art form have had a lasting impact on the medium.

Exploration of the Engraved Glass Windows
Overview of the Collection of Engraved Glass Windows at St. Nicholas’ Church
The collection of engraved glass windows at St. Nicholas’ Church in Moreton is a remarkable and cherished feature of the church. These windows are admired for their exquisite craftsmanship, artistic beauty, and storytelling qualities. The collection includes a series of windows that depict various biblical scenes, religious figures, and symbolic representations. Each window is meticulously designed and executed, showcasing Whistler’s mastery of the engraved glass medium. The engraved glass windows are integrated throughout the church, filling the space with enchanting light. Their presence enhances the spiritual atmosphere and provides a visual journey for visitors, inviting them to explore the narratives and symbols within the artwork.

Description and Interpretation of Notable Windows
Among the notable engraved glass windows at St. Nicholas’ Church, several deserve special attention. For example, there may be a window dedicated to a particular saint or biblical event. Each of these windows is a visual masterpiece that captures the essence of the subject matter.

In describing and interpreting these notable windows, one can explore the visual elements, such as the use of colour, composition, and symbolism. For instance, the colours chosen by Whistler may convey specific emotions or spiritual significance. The composition of the window, with its placement of figures or objects, can provide insights into the narrative being portrayed.

Interpretation involves understanding the symbolic representations within the windows. Symbols in engraved glass often have deep religious or spiritual meanings.

Analysis of the Themes, Symbolism, and Narratives Depicted in the Windows
The engraved glass windows at St. Nicholas’ Church are rich in themes, symbolism, and narratives. Analysing these aspects involves exploring the messages and stories depicted within the windows and their connection to broader religious or spiritual themes.

• The themes conveyed in the engraved glass windows may encompass salvation, redemption, faith, and the life of Christ or other religious figures. Symbolism, such as using specific colours, religious icons, or motifs, can provide deeper layers of meaning and enhance the narrative.
• Narratives within the windows often tell biblical stories or depict scenes from religious texts. Analysing the storytelling techniques employed by Whistler, such as the use of sequential panels or the arrangement of figures, can shed light on the narrative structure and how it unfolds within the engraved glass composition.
• It is essential to consider the historical and cultural context in which the engraved glass windows were created. Understanding the theological or artistic influences of the time can provide additional insights into the themes, symbolism, and narratives depicted in the windows.

Craftsmanship and Artistic Beauty
Techniques and Processes Involved in Creating Engraved Glass Windows
Creating engraved glass windows is a complex and meticulous process that requires specialised techniques and craftsmanship. The following are commonly involved:

• Design and Cartoon^[7]: Creating an engraved glass window begins with the design phase. The artist develops a design that serves as a blueprint for the window. This design incorporates elements such as composition, figures, and symbolism.
• Glass Selection and Cutting: After the design is finalised, glass selection becomes crucial. Different types of glass, including clear or translucent glass, may be chosen to achieve the desired effect.
• Engraving: The glass is then engraved using specialised engraving tools. The artist carefully etches or engraves intricate designs, patterns, or images onto the surface of the glass. This process requires precision and skill to achieve the desired artistic effect.
• Finishing: After the engraving is complete, the glass may undergo additional processes to enhance its appearance, such as polishing or sandblasting to refine the engraved details and create texture.

Craftsmanship and Artistic Skill Displayed in the Windows
The engraved glass windows at St. Nicholas’ Church exhibit exceptional craftsmanship and artistic skill. The intricate level of detail and the artistry displayed in design and composition showcase the mastery of Sir Laurence Whistler. The skilful use of line and form, as well as the delicate balance of colours, highlight Whistler’s artistic expertise.

His craftsmanship is not limited to the technical aspects alone. The windows reflect a deep understanding of storytelling and the ability to convey emotion and spirituality. Whistler’s artistic choices, from the placement of figures to the use of symbolism, demonstrate a keen artistic sensibility and a profound connection to the subject matter.

Comparison to Other Examples of Engraved Glass Art in the UK and Beyond
The engraved glass windows at St. Nicholas’ Church are exceptional examples of the engraved glass tradition in the UK. While each engraved glass artist has their own unique style and approach, Whistler’s work stands out for its delicate aesthetics, poetic sensibility, and storytelling prowess.

In the broader context of engraved glass artistry beyond the UK, Whistler’s work contributes to the rich tapestry of global engraved glass traditions. It can be compared to other notable engraved glass artists and movements worldwide, such as the engraved glass windows of Chartres Cathedral in France, the works of Tiffany Studios in the United States, or the masterpieces created during the Gothic period in Europe.

While each artist and era have distinct characteristics and contributions, the craftsmanship, artistic skill, and creative vision displayed in Whistler’s engraved glass windows at St. Nicholas’ Church firmly place them among the best examples of engraved glass art in the UK and globally.

Preservation and Conservation Efforts
Efforts to Preserve and Maintain the Engraved Glass windows at St. Nicholas’ Church
Preservation and conservation efforts play a vital role in maintaining the integrity and longevity of the engraved glass windows at St. Nicholas’ Church. Recognising the significance of these artworks, dedicated efforts have been made to ensure their preservation for future generations. These efforts include regular inspections and assessments to monitor the condition of the windows. Expert conservators and specialists are often employed to conduct careful cleaning, repair, and restoration work when necessary. This involves meticulous attention to detail, using specialised techniques and materials to preserve the original artwork while addressing any deterioration or damage.

Challenges Faced in the Conservation of Engraved Glass Artworks
Conserving engraved glass artworks presents specific challenges due to the delicate nature of the medium and the vulnerability of the materials over time. Challenges include glass deterioration, environmental factors like exposure to sunlight and temperature fluctuations, and the potential for vandalism or accidental damage.

Preserving engraved glass requires expertise in assessing and managing these challenges. Conservation professionals must balance the need to stabilise and protect the windows while respecting the original artistic intent and maintaining the historical integrity of the artwork.

The Role of the Local Community or Organisations in Ensuring the Longevity of the Windows
Preserving the engraved glass windows at St. Nicholas’ Church involves the active participation and support of the local community and various organisations. These entities often collaborate to raise awareness, secure funding, and implement conservation initiatives.

Local community members volunteer their time and resources, contributing to fundraising efforts or participating in activities that promote the appreciation and preservation of the church’s engraved glass heritage. Additionally, partnerships with heritage organisations, historical societies, and conservation groups can provide expertise and guidance in managing and conserving the windows effectively.

Cultural and Historical Significance
The engraved glass windows at St. Nicholas’ Church hold immense cultural and historical significance within the local community and serve as tangible connections to the past, reflecting the rich heritage and traditions of Moreton.

The windows not only enhance the aesthetic beauty of the church but also contribute to the spiritual and historical ambience of the village. They serve as vivid reminders of the religious and historical narratives associated with Moreton and the surrounding area.

Picture Credit: “File:St Nicholas Church, Moreton – geograph.org.uk – 406423.jpg” by E Gammie is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0. 

Picture Gallery

Picture Credits:
[All “St Nicholas Church, Moreton, Dorset” by quisnovus and licensed under CC BY-NC 2.0.]

All Featured on Openverse at: https://openverse.org/search/?q=St%20Nicholas%20Church,%20Moreton,%20Dorset

Sources and Further Reading

• http://dorset-allsorts.blogspot.com/2011/01/st-nicholas-church-moreton.html
• http://www.vikkirose.com/laurence-whistler-and-st-nicholas-church-moreton/
• https://alanfrostphotography.com/2016/05/11/churches-project-no-11-st-nicholas-moreton-in-dorset/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Whistler
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Nicholas%27_Church,_Moreton
• https://iwmvolunteerlondon.wordpress.com/2021/12/29/the-airmans-memorial-window-at-st-nicholas-church-moreton-dorset-laurence-whistler-1982/
• https://seearoundbritain.com/venues/st-nicholas-morton-open-daily-free-entry
• https://theartssociety.org/events/whistlers-windows-st-nicholas-moreton-and-millhouse-ciderclock-museum
• https://thedorsetrambler.com/2017/05/03/curious-dorset-churches-part-3/
• https://therevjs.com/2015/04/15/a-window-on-forgiveness/
• https://whistlesinthewind.wordpress.com/tag/st-nicholas-moreton/
• https://www.britainexpress.com/attractions.htm?attraction=4559
• https://www.dhct.org.uk/m/church?ref=0b64c33981ff3357d0abf991a271f80b
• https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/6294641
• https://www.nationalchurchestrust.org/church/st-nicholas-moreton
• https://www.stnicholascenter.org/gazetteer/1494
• https://www.stnicholasmoreton.org.uk/
• https://www.strollingguides.co.uk/books/dorset/places/moreton.php
• https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/apr/18/judas-window-dorset-church-moreton
• https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/30706/Grave-of-TE-Lawrence-Moreton-Church-Cemetery.htm
• https://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Attraction_Review-g1532274-d3842249-Reviews-Saint_Nicholas_Church-Moreton_Dorset_England.html
• https://www.vidimus.org/issues/issue-25/panel-of-the-month/
• https://www.visitengravedglass.uk/artist-page/whistler-laurence

Books:

• The Image On The Glass, Hardcover, by Laurence Whistler (Author), The Grout Engraving Company (Illustrator), published by John Murray In Association With The Cupid Press, 1 Jan. 1975, available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Image-Glass-Laurence-Whistler/dp/0719532752/
• St Nicholas, Moreton: The Engraved Glass Windows, Paperback, by Laurence Whistler (Author) 1 Jan. 1990, published by St. Nicholas Church, Moreton, available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/St-Nicholas-Moreton-Engraved-Windows/dp/B0016LT36E/
• Point Engraving on Glass (Decorative Arts Library), Hardcover, by Laurence Whistler (Author) 8 Aug. 1992, published by Walker Books Ltd., available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Point-Engraving-Glass-Decorative-Library/dp/0744518946/
• The Engraved Glass of Laurence Whistler, Hardcover, by Laurence Whistler (Author) 1 Jan. 1952, published by The Cupid Press, available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/engraved-glass-Laurence-Whistler/dp/B0000CIAW8/
• Laurence Whistler C.B.E. An Exhibition for his 80th Birthday, Paperback, published by Sotheby’s (Author) 1 Jan. 1992, available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Laurence-Whistler-C-B-Exhibition-Birthday/dp/B001GFCGX2/
• Father and Son: Engraved Glass by Laurence and Simon Whistler, Paperback, by Peter Saunders (Foreword) 1 Sept. 1994, available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Father-Son-Engraved-Laurence-Whistler/dp/0947535160/
• Scenes and Signs on Glass, Hardcover, by Laurence Whistler (Author) 1 Feb. 1985, published by Cupid Press Ltd., available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Scenes-Signs-Glass-Laurence-Whistler/dp/0903575019

CAUTION: This paper is compiled from the sources stated but has not been externally reviewed. Parts of this paper include information provided via artificial intelligence which, although checked by the author, is not always accurate or reliable. Neither we nor any third parties provide any warranty or guarantee as to the accuracy, timeliness, performance, completeness or suitability of the information and materials covered in this paper for any particular purpose. Such information and materials may contain inaccuracies or errors and we expressly exclude liability for any such inaccuracies or errors to the fullest extent permitted by law. Your use of any information or materials on this website is entirely at your own risk, for which we shall not be liable. It shall be your own responsibility to ensure that any products, services or information available through this paper meet your specific requirements and you should neither take action nor exercise inaction without taking appropriate professional advice. The hyperlinks were current at the date of publication.

End Notes and Explanations

1. Source: Compiled from research using information at the sources stated throughout the text, together with information provided by machine-generated artificial intelligence at: bing.com [chat] and https://chat.openai.com ↑
2. Explanation: A chapel of ease is a place of worship established to provide religious services and sacraments to a community located at a distance from their main parish church. The term “chapel of ease” originated in the context of the Christian Church, particularly within the Anglican, Catholic, and Presbyterian traditions. The primary purpose of a chapel of ease is to accommodate individuals who may find it challenging to travel long distances to attend services at the main parish church. This can occur when a community grows, and the existing church becomes insufficient to meet the needs of the expanding population. Instead of constructing an entirely new parish church, a chapel of ease is established to serve as a convenient alternative for worship. Chapels of ease are often built within the boundaries of an existing parish, making it easier for residents in outlying areas to access religious services. These chapels are typically smaller in size compared to the main parish church and may have fewer amenities or a simplified design. In terms of administration, a chapel of ease is typically subordinate to the main parish church. The clergy of the parish church usually oversee the chapel of ease, providing pastoral care and conducting religious ceremonies. However, in some cases, a separate clergy or chaplain may be assigned specifically to the chapel. The concept of a chapel of ease has historical roots and can be traced back to medieval times. Today, while the term may not be as commonly used, the underlying concept of establishing satellite places of worship to serve specific communities still exists in various religious denominations. ↑
3. Explanation: Engraved glass and etched glass are similar techniques used to create designs on glass surfaces. Both processes involve removing or altering layers of glass to create decorative patterns or images. However, there is a subtle distinction between the two terms: (1) Engraved Glass: This technique involves cutting or incising designs into the glass surface using specialized tools or abrasive materials. Engraving creates grooves or indentations in the glass, resulting in a textured or dimensional effect. Engraved glass designs are usually achieved through the use of techniques such as diamond wheel engraving or sandblasting, which create texture and patterns on the glass surface. These techniques do not involve the addition of colour, and the engraved areas remain transparent or translucent, allowing light to pass through. (2) Etched Glass: Etching is a process that uses acidic or abrasive substances to remove a thin layer of glass, creating a frosted or matte appearance. Etched glass designs are typically achieved by applying a stencil or resist material to protect certain areas of the glass from the etching process, allowing specific patterns or images to be revealed.

   While the terms “engraved glass” and “etched glass” are sometimes used interchangeably, the distinction lies in the specific techniques and effects achieved. ↑

4. Source: Janet Green (6 January 2001). “Obituary: Sir Laurence Whistler”. The Guardian. Cited at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Whistler   ↑
5. Explanation: A triptych is a work of art that is divided into three sections, or three carved panels that are hinged together and can be folded shut or displayed open. It is therefore a type of polyptych, the term for all multi-panel works. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptych ↑
6. Source: “Royal wedding 1947: Glass goblet engraved by Laurence Whistler”. The Royal Collection. Cited at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Whistler   ↑
7. Explanation: (1) Design: This step involves developing a design concept for the engraved glass window. The artist creates a visual representation of the window, incorporating elements such as composition, figures, colour scheme, and symbolism. The design serves as a blueprint or guide for the execution of the window. (2) Cartoon: In the context of engraved glass, a cartoon refers to a full-scale drawing or template that is created based on the design. The cartoon is used as a precise outline for cutting the glass pieces. It helps ensure accuracy and consistency in the final artwork by providing a detailed reference for the placement and shape of each glass element.

   Both the design and cartoon are crucial in guiding the creation of the engraved glass window, ensuring that the final result accurately reflects the artist’s vision and intentions. ↑